Combinations including abx196 for the treatment of cancer

ABSTRACT

An antitumor pharmaceutical combination includes (i) a compound ABX196 and (ii) at least one chemotherapeutic agent and/or at least one immunotherapeutic agent, for use in the treatment of cancer.

The present invention concerns new therapies for the treatment ofcancers.

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality, despite years of research andtreatment advances.

Numerous treatments exist, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy.However, even if these treatments may be effective i201n some cases,they are generally very long and relapses are frequent. Additionally,they are responsible for numerous side effects which affect thepatient's life quality.

New treatments act on aspects of cancerology which have been recentlydiscovered, such as the implication of the immune system in the defenseagainst cancer. However, these treatments are not always very effective.

There is thus an important need of improving the efficacy of currenttherapies, in particular chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy, preferablywhile reducing the side effects of these therapies.

The present invention arises from the unexpected finding by theinventors that the use of a specific NKT agonist, namely theα-galactosylceramide derivative ABX196 of formula (I)

in combination with other known anticancerous treatments, in particularwith chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy, enables significantly improvingthe efficacy of these known treatments, in particular against aggressivecancers.

In particular, the inventors discovered that the use of a vaccinecomposition comprising a compound ABX196 of formula (I)

and a tumor antigen, in combination with other known anticanceroustreatments, in particular with chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy,enables significantly improving the efficacy of these known treatments,in particular against aggressive cancers.

The inventors indeed demonstrated that the use of a vaccine compositioncomprising ABX196 and the tumor antigen Trp2, in combination withdoxorubicin or anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, improved the anti-tumoreffects of these compounds in a melanoma mouse model.

The inventors also demonstrated that the use of ABX196 in combinationwith doxorubicin, sorafenib or anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies improvedthe anti-tumor effects of these compounds in a melanoma, colorectalcancer, bladder cancer and hepatocarcinoma mouse models, and furtherimproved the survival of the mouse models.

The present invention thus concerns an antitumor pharmaceuticalcombination comprising:

(i) a compound ABX196 of formula (I)

and,

(ii) at least one chemotherapeutic agent and/or at least oneimmunotherapeutic agent, for use in the treatment of cancer. In oneembodiment, said antitumor pharmaceutical combination further comprisesa tumor antigen. In a particular embodiment, the compound ABX196 offormula (I)

is comprised in a vaccine composition (iii) further comprising a tumorantigen. Another object of the invention concerns a vaccine compositioncomprising a compound ABX196 of formula (I)

and a tumor antigen for use in combination with at least onechemotherapeutic agent and/or at least one immunotherapeutic agent inthe treatment of a cancer.

The invention further concerns a compound ABX196 of formula (I)

for use in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent and/orat least one immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer. In oneembodiment, said combination further comprises a tumor antigen.

Another object of the invention concerns a combined preparationcomprising:

(i) one or more dosage units of a compound ABX196 of formula (I)

and

(ii) one or more dosage units of at least one chemotherapeutic agentand/or one or more dosage units of an immunotherapeutic agent, for usein the treatment of cancer.

In one embodiment, in said combined preparation the compound ABX196 offormula (I)

is comprised in a vaccine further comprising a tumor antigen.

In one embodiment, when the compound ABX196 as defined above iscomprised in a vaccine composition according to the above objects of theinvention, it is used as an adjuvant in said vaccine composition.

In particular, the percent treated/control (T/C (%)) index obtained forthe combination of ABX196 with at least one chemotherapeutic agentand/or at least one immunotherapeutic agent is lower than the T/C (%)index obtained for the at least one chemotherapeutic agent alone and/orthe at least one immunotherapeutic agent alone. In one embodiment, theT/C (%) of the combination of the invention is inferior or equal to 42%.

The percent treated/control (T/C (%)) index may be calculated bydividing the median treated tumor volume by the median control tumorvolume and multiplying it by 100. For example, the median treated tumorvolume is obtained following the administration of the combination ofABX196 with at least one chemotherapeutic agent and/or at least oneimmunotherapeutic agent according to the invention, and the mediancontrol tumor volume is obtained following the administration of thevehicle of said combination, said tumor volumes being assessed at thesame time.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Antitumor PharmaceuticalCombination

The compound ABX196, of formula (I)

used according to the invention, is an α-galactosyl derivative which isknown to stimulate NKT (Natural Killer T) cells. According to thepresent invention, the compound ABX196 also refers to itspharmaceutically acceptable salts. The term “pharmaceutically acceptablesalt” refers to salts which retain the biological effectiveness andproperties of ABX196 and which are not biologically or otherwiseundesirable. For a review of pharmaceutically acceptable salts seeBerge, et al. ((1977) J. Pharm. Sd, vol. 66, 1).

As used herein, the term “combination”, “therapeutic combination” or“pharmaceutical combination”, defines either a fixed combination in onedosage unit form or a kit of parts for the combined administration. In aparticular embodiment, the compound ABX196 or the vaccine composition asdefined below and the at least one chemotherapeutic agent and/or the atleast one immunotherapeutic agent as defined below may be administeredindependently at the same time or separately within time intervals thatallow that the combination partners show a synergistic effect.

In particular, when the compound ABX196 or the vaccine composition isused in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent, they may beadministered independently at the same time or separately within timeintervals. Similarly, when the compound ABX196 or the vaccinecomposition is used in combination with an immunotherapeutic agent, theymay be administered independently at the same time or separately withintime intervals.

Additionally, when the compound ABX196 or the vaccine composition isused in combination with more than one chemotherapeutic agent, each ofthe components of the combination may be administered independently atthe same time or separately within time intervals, or some of thecomponents of the combination may be administered independently at thesame time while the other components of the combination may administeredseparately within intervals.

Similarly, when the compound ABX196 or the vaccine composition is usedin combination with more than one immunotherapeutic agent, each of thecomponents of the combination may be administered independently at thesame time or separately within time intervals, or some of the componentsof the combination may be administered independently at the same timewhile the other components of the combination may administeredseparately within intervals.

Similarly, when the compound ABX196 or the vaccine composition is usedin combination with a chemotherapeutic agent and an immunotherapeuticagent, each of the components of the combination may be administeredindependently at the same time or separately within time intervals, orsome of the components of the combination may be administeredindependently at the same time while the other components of thecombination may administered separately within intervals.

The constituents of which the combination is composed may beadministered simultaneously, semi-simultaneously, separately, or spacedout over a period of time so as to obtain the maximum efficacy of thecombination; it being possible for each administration to vary in itsduration from a rapid administration to a continuous perfusion.

The compounds of the combination of the invention can thus be formulatedin two, three or more separate pharmaceutical compositions.

The timing between at least one administration of the compound ABX196 orof the vaccine composition as defined in the section “Vaccinecomposition” above and at least one administration of the at least onechemotherapeutic agent as defined in the section “Chemotherapeuticagent” above is preferably about 4 days.

Preferably, the at least one chemotherapeutic agent as defined in thesection “Chemotherapeutic agent” above is administered 4 days after theadministration of the compound ABX196 or of the vaccine composition asdefined in the section “Vaccine composition” above. Preferably, the atleast one chemotherapeutic agent as defined in the section“Chemotherapeutic agent” above is administered 4 days before theadministration of the compound ABX196 or of the vaccine composition asdefined in the section “Vaccine composition” above.

The timing between at least one administration of the compound ABX196 orof the vaccine composition as defined in the section “Vaccinecomposition” above and at least one administration of the least oneimmunotherapeutic agent as defined in the section “Immunotherapeuticagent” above is preferably about 7 days.

Preferably, the at least one immunotherapeutic agent as defined in thesection “Immunotherapeutic agent” above is administered 7 days after theadministration of the compound ABX196 or of the vaccine composition asdefined in the section “Vaccine composition” above. Preferably, the atleast one immunotherapeutic agent as defined in the section“Immunotherapeutic agent” above is administered 7 days before theadministration of the compound ABX196 or of the vaccine composition asdefined in the section “Vaccine composition” above.

The compositions used in the context of the invention are preferablycompositions which can be administered intravenously. However, thesecompositions may be administered orally, subcutaneously orintraperitoneally in the case of localized regional therapies. In oneembodiment, these compositions are administered intratumorally.

The term “a combined preparation” is defined herein to refer toespecially a “kit of parts” in the sense that the combination partners(i) and (ii), as defined above, can be dosed independently or by use ofdifferent fixed combinations with distinguished amounts of thecombination partners, i.e., simultaneously or at different time points(this also applying for the different components of the partner (ii)when both a chemotherapeutic agent and an immunotherapeutic agent, orwhen several chemotherapeutic agents and/or several immunotherapeuticagents are used). The parts of the kit of parts can then e.g., beadministered simultaneously or chronologically staggered, that is atdifferent time points and with equal or different time intervals for anypart of the kit of parts.

The combination partners of the combined preparation of the inventionare preferably formulated in a dosage unit form. The term “dosage unit”refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages forhuman subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predeterminedquantity of active material(s) calculated to produce the desiredtherapeutic effect, optionally in association with a suitablepharmaceutical excipient.

The ratio of the total amounts of the combination partner (i) to thecombination partner (ii) (or if applicable to the different componentsof the combination partner (ii)) to be administered in the combinedpreparation can be varied, e.g., in order to cope with the needs of apatient sub-population to be treated or the needs of the single patient.

Vaccine Composition

The vaccine composition used in the context of the invention comprisesthe compound ABX196 of formula (I)

and a tumor antigen.

By “tumor antigen” is meant herein an antigen expressed exclusively on,associated with, or over-expressed in tumor tissue. Exemplary tumorantigens include, but are not limited to, 5-α-reductase, α-fetoprotein(AFP), AM-1, APC, APRIL, B melanoma antigen gene (BAGE), β-catenin,Bcl12, Bcr-Abl, Brachyury, CA-125, caspase-8 (CASP-8, also known asFLICE), Cathepsin S, CD19, CD20, CD21/complement receptor 2 (CR2),CD22/BL-CAM, CD23/FcεRII, CD33, CD35/complement receptor 1 (CRT),CD44/PGP-1, CD45/leucocyte common antigen (LCA), CD46/membrane cofactorprotein (MCP), CD52/CAMPATH-1, CD55/decay accelerating factor (DAF),CD59/protectin, CDC27, CDK4, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), c-myc,cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), deleted in colorectal cancer gene (DCC), DcR3,E6/E7, CGFR, EMBP, Dna78, farnesyl transferase, fibroblast growthfactor-8a (FGF8a), fibroblast growth factor-8b (FGF8b), FLK-1/KDR, folicacid receptor, G250, G melanoma antigen gene family (GAGE-family),gastrin 17, gastrin-releasing hormone, ganglioside 2 (GD2)/ganglioside 3(GD3)/ganglioside-monosialic acid-2 (GM2), gonadotropin releasinghormone (GnRH), UDP-GlcNAc:R₁Man(a1-6)R₂[GlcNAc toMan(α1-6)]β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnTV), GP1,gp100/Pme1-17, gp-100-in4, gp15, gp75/tyrosine-related protein-1(gp75/TRP-1), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), heparanase, Her2/neu,EGFR, human mammary tumor virus (HMTV), 70 kD heat-shock protein(HSP70), human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), insulin-likegrowth factor receptor-1 (IGFR-1), interleukin-13 receptor (IL-13R),inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Ki67, KIAA0205, K-ras, H-ras,N-ras, KSA, LKLR-FUT, melanoma antigen-encoding family (MAGE-family,including at least MAGE-1, MAGE-2, MAGE-3, and MAGE-4), mammaglobin,MAP17, Melan-A/melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells-1 (MART-1),mesothelin, MIC A/B, MT-MMPs, mucin, testes-specific antigen NY-ESO-1,osteonectin, p15, P170/MDR1, p53, p97/melanotransferrin, PAI-1,platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), PRAME, probasin, progenipoietin,prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), RAGE-1, Rb, RCAS1, SART-1,SSX-family, STAT3, STn, TAG-72, transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α),transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), uPA, uPAR, TNF-α Converting Enzyme(TACE), Thymosin-β-15, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TP1, TRP-2,tyrosinase, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), ZAG, p16INK4,PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, glypican-3, claudin-3, claudin-4, BMCA, andglutathione-S-transferase (GST).

Preferably, said tumor antigen is TRP-2.

In one embodiment, the sequence of said tumor antigen is selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID n° 1, SEQ ID n° 3 and SEQ ID n° 4,preferably SEQ ID n° 3.

Preferably, the tumor antigen is selected according to the specificcancer to be treated. The skilled person indeed knows which tumorantigen is specifically associated with a particular cancer. Forexample, it is well-known from the skilled person that the TRP-2 tumorantigen is expressed by melanoma cancer cells.

Accordingly, in a particularly preferred embodiment, the tumor antigenis TRP-2 and the cancer to be treated is melanoma.

The vaccine composition used in the context of the invention maycomprise additional adjuvants. Additional adjuvants, other than ABX196,are well-known from the skilled person and include aluminium salts,oil-in-water emulsions such as Freund's incomplete adjuvant or MF59®,PRR ligands, TLR3 and RLR ligands such poly(I:C), TLR4 ligands such asLPS or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), TLR5 ligands such as flagellin,TLR7/8 ligands such as imidazoquinolines, TLR9 ligands such as CpGoligodeoxynucleotides and NOD2 ligands such muramyl dipeptide (MDP).

However, since the compound ABX196 may be present as an adjuvant in thevaccine composition used in the context of the invention, in a preferredembodiment the vaccine composition only comprises the compound ABX196 asadjuvant. In a preferred embodiment, the compound ABX196 is used as anadjuvant is said vaccine composition according to the invention.

Chemotherapeutic Agents

As used herein, the term “chemotherapeutic agent” refers to any cellgrowth inhibitory compound or cytotoxic compound used in anticancerouschemotherapy. It is understood that such a compound is not an antigen.Such chemotherapeutic agents are well-known from the skilled person andinclude:

-   -   alkylating agents, including nitrogen mustards such as        cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, chlorambucil and        melphalan; ethyleneamines and methylmelamines such as thiotepa;        methylhydrazine derivatives such as procarbazine;        alkylsulfonates such as busulfan; nitrosoureas such as        carmustine or lomustine; triazenes such as dacarbazine and        temozolomide; platinum coordination complexes such as cisplatin,        carboplatin and oxaliplatin;    -   antimetabolites, including folic acid analogs such as        methotrexate; pyrimidine analogs such as fluorouracil,        cytarabine, gemcitabine and capecitabine; purine analogs such as        mercaptopurine, pentostatin, cladribine and fludarabine;    -   vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine, vinorelbine and        vincristine;    -   taxanes such as paclitaxel and docetaxel;    -   epipodophyllotoxins such as etoposide and teniposide;    -   camptothecins such as topotecan and irinotecan;    -   anticancer antibiotics such as dactinomycin, daunorubicin,        doxorubicin, plicomycin and epirubicin;    -   anthracenediones such as mitoxantrone, mitomycin and bleomycin;    -   mitotic inhibitors such as dolastatins;    -   enzymes such as L-asparaginase;    -   substituted ureas such as hydroxyurea;    -   differentiating agents such as tretinoin;    -   proteine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib or bryostatin;    -   proteasome inhibitors such as geftinib and bortezomib;    -   hormones and antagonists, including adrenocortical suppressants        such as aminoglutethimide; adrenocorticosteroids such as        prednisone; progestins such as megestrol acetate and        medroxyprogesterone; estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol;        anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen, idoxifen, droloxifene,        zindoxifene, trioxifene, ICI 182,780, EM-800 and toremifene;        aromatase inhibitors such as anastrozole, letrozole and        exemestane; androgens such as testosterone propionate;        anti-androgens such as flutamide; and gonadotropin-releasing        agents such as leuprolide.

Of course, any suitable combination of chemotherapeutic agents may beused, depending on the type of cancer.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one chemotherapeutic agent isselected from the group consisting of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide,epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone and oxaliplatin. In one embodiment,the at least one chemotherapeutic agent is doxorubicin or a kinaseinhibitor such as sorafenib. Preferably, the at least onechemotherapeutic agent is doxorubicin or sorafenib, more preferablydoxorubicin.

The at least one chemotherapeutic agent used in the context of theinvention may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition, which mayfurther comprise pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, as definedbelow.

If a combination of different chemotherapeutic agents is used, thesechemotherapeutic agents may be formulated in a single pharmaceuticalcomposition or in separate pharmaceutical compositions.

The at least one chemotherapeutic agent used in the context of theinvention may be administered by any suitable route well-known from theskilled person. As appreciated by skilled artisans, the pharmaceuticalcomposition(s) comprising the chemotherapeutic agent(s) can be suitablyformulated to be compatible with the intended route(s) ofadministration. Examples of suitable routes of administration includeparenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, oral (e.g., buccal, inhalation, nasal and pulmonaryspray), intradermal, transdermal (topical), transmucosal, intraocularand rectal administration.

Preferably, the at least one chemotherapeutic agent used in the contextof the invention is administered intravenously.

The dosage regimen of the chemotherapeutic agent used in the context ofthe invention will depend on the specific agent used. Such dosageregimens are well-known from the skilled person. They typically combinea particular concentration of the administered chemotherapeutic agentand a particular administration scheme.

For example, doroxuribicin is preferably administered, by intravenousinfusion of 3-5 min, at a dose of 40 to 75 mg/m² per cycle, each cyclebeing separated from the previous one by an interval of 3 to 4 weeks andthe cycles being preferably repeated until achieving a maximal totaldose of 550 mg/m².

However, since the combined use of the compound ABX196 or of the vaccinecomposition defined in the section “Vaccine composition” above with achemotherapeutic agent increases significantly and synergically theanticancerous effects of said chemotherapeutic agent, it is possible todecrease the dose and/or the administration duration of thechemotherapeutic agent used compared to standard dosage regimens.

Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the at least onechemotherapeutic agent is administered at a dosage regimen lower thanthe standard dosage regimen recommended for this chemotherapeutic agent,in particular used alone or in combination with another chemotherapeuticagent and/or immunotherapeutic agent.

Immunotherapeutic Agents

As used herein, the term “immunotherapeutic agent” refers to ananticancerous agent, which mediates antineoplastic effects by initiatinga novel or boosting an existing immune response against cancerous cells,such as antibodies or lymphocytes targeting a tumor antigen. Theimmunotherapeutic agent may be classified as “active” or “passive” basedon its ability to (re-)activate the host immune system against malignantcells.

In one embodiment, said immunotherapeutic agent is not an antigen.

Preferably, the immunotherapeutic agent is an antibody specific of atumor antigen, as defined in the section “Vaccine composition” above.

An “antibody” may be a natural or conventional antibody in which twoheavy chains are linked to each other by disulfide bonds and each heavychain is linked to a light chain by a disulfide bond. As used herein,the term “antibody” denotes conventional antibodies and fragmentsthereof, as well as single domain antibodies and fragments thereof, inparticular variable heavy chain of single domain antibodies, andchimeric, humanized, bispecific or multispecific antibodies.

As used herein, antibodies also include “single domain antibodies” whichare antibodies whose complementary determining regions are part of asingle domain polypeptide. Examples of single domain antibodies includeheavy chain antibodies, antibodies naturally devoid of light chains,single domain antibodies derived from conventional four-chainantibodies, engineered single domain antibodies. Single domainantibodies may be derived from any species including, but not limited tomouse, human, camel, llama, goat, rabbit and bovine. Single domainantibodies may be naturally occurring single domain antibodies known asheavy chain antibody devoid of light chains, such as those produced byCamelidae species, for example camel, dromedary, llama, alpaca andguanaco.

The variable heavy chain of these single domain antibodies devoid oflight chains are known in the art as “VHH” or “nanobody”. Similar toconventional VH domains, VHHs contain four FRs and three CDRs.Nanobodies have the advantage of being about ten times smaller than IgGmolecules, and as a consequence properly folded functional nanobodiescan be produced by in vitro expression while achieving high yield.Furthermore, nanobodies are very stable, and resistant to the action ofproteases.

The term “monoclonal antibody” or “mAb” as used herein refers to anantibody molecule of a single amino acid composition that is directedagainst a specific antigen.

A monoclonal antibody may be produced by a single clone of B cells orhybridoma, but may also be recombinant, i.e. produced by proteinengineering.

The term “chimeric antibody” refers to an engineered antibody whichcontains one or more region(s) from one antibody and one or more regionsfrom one or more other antibody(ies). In particular a chimeric antibodycomprises a VH domain and a VL domain of an antibody derived from anon-human animal, in association with a CH domain and a CL domain ofanother antibody, in particular a human antibody. As the non-humananimal, any animal such as mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit or the like canbe used. A chimeric antibody may also denote a multispecific antibodyhaving specificity for at least two different antigens. In anembodiment, a chimeric antibody has variable domains of mouse origin andconstant domains of human origin.

The term “humanized antibody” refers to an antibody which is initiallywholly or partially of non-human origin and which has been modified toreplace certain amino acids, in particular in the framework regions ofthe heavy and light chains, in order to avoid or minimize an immuneresponse in humans. The constant domains of a humanized antibody aremost of the time human CH and CL domains. In an embodiment, a humanizedantibody has constant domains of human origin.

“Fragments” of (conventional) antibodies comprise a portion of an intactantibody, in particular the antigen binding region or variable region ofthe intact antibody. Examples of antibody fragments include Fv, Fab,F(ab′)₂, Fab′, dsFv, (dsFv)₂, scFv, sc(Fv)₂, diabodies, bispecific andmultispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. A fragment of aconventional antibody may also be a single domain antibody, such as aheavy chain antibody or VHH

The term “Fab” denotes an antibody fragment having a molecular weight ofabout 50,000 Da and antigen binding activity, in which about a half ofthe N-terminal side of H chain and the entire L chain, among fragmentsobtained by treating IgG with a protease, papaine, are bound togetherthrough a disulfide bond.

The term “F(ab′)₂” refers to an antibody fragment having a molecularweight of about 100,000 Da and antigen binding activity, which isslightly larger than the Fab bound via a disulfide bond of the hingeregion, among fragments obtained by treating IgG with a protease,pepsin.

The term “Fab”′ refers to an antibody fragment having a molecular weightof about 50,000 Da and antigen binding activity, which is obtained bycutting a disulfide bond of the hinge region of the F(ab′)₂ fragment.

A single chain Fv (“scFv”) polypeptide is a covalently linked VH::VLheterodimer which is usually expressed from a gene fusion including VHand VL encoding genes linked by a peptide-encoding linker. The humanscFv fragment includes CDRs that are held in appropriate conformation,in particular by using gene recombination techniques. Divalent andmultivalent antibody fragments can form either spontaneously byassociation of monovalent scFvs, or can be generated by couplingmonovalent scFvs by a peptide linker, such as divalent sc(Fv)₂.

“dsFv” is a VH::VL heterodimer stabilised by a disulphide bond.

“(dsFv)₂” denotes two dsFv coupled by a peptide linker.

The term “bispecific antibody” or “BsAb” denotes an antibody whichcombines the antigen-binding sites of two antibodies within a singlemolecule. Thus, BsAbs are able to bind two different antigenssimultaneously.

The term “multispecific antibody” denotes an antibody which combines theantigen-binding sites of two or more antibodies within a singlemolecule.

The term “diabodies” refers to small antibody fragments with twoantigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy-chain variabledomain (VH) connected to a light-chain variable domain (VL) in the samepolypeptide chain (VH-VL). By using a linker that is too short to allowpairing between the two domains on the same chain, the domains areforced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain andcreate two antigen-binding sites.

In a particular embodiment, the immunotherapeutic agent used in thecontext of the invention is a monoclonal antibody or a fragment thereof,in particular a fragment selected from the group consisting of Fv, Fab,F(ab′)₂, Fab′, dsFv, (dsFv)₂, scFv, sc(Fv)₂, diabodies and VHH.

Most preferably, the immunotherapeutic agent used in the context of theinvention is a monoclonal antibody.

Preferably, the immunotherapeutic agent used in the context of theinvention is an antibody, in particular a monoclonal antibody, specificof a tumor antigen selected from the group consisting of Her2/neu, EGFR,VEGF, CD20, CD52, CD33, TACE, cathepsin S, uPA, uPAR, PD-1, Glypican-3,claudin-3, claudin-4, BMCA and CTLA4. In a particularly preferredembodiment, the immunotherapeutic agent used in the context of theinvention is an antibody, in particular a monoclonal antibody, specificof PD-1. In one embodiment, the immunotherapeutic agent used in thecontext of the invention is an antibody selected from the groupconsisting of: anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-L1, anti-GITR, anti-CD38,anti-4-1BB, anti-OX40, anti-LAG3 and anti-TIM-3.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the immunotherapeutic agent is amonoclonal anti-PD1 antibody.

Examples of monoclonal antibodies specific of the above tumor antigensare well-known from the skilled person and include rituximab,trastuzumab (Herceptin), alemtuzumab, cetuximab, panitumumab,bevacizumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab (also known as MBS-936558, MDX-1106or ONO-4538 anti-PD-1 antibody), pembrolizumab (also known as MK-3475anti-PD-1 antibody), pidilizumab (also known as CT-011 anti-PD-1antibody), BMS-936559 anti-PD-L1 antibody, MPDL3280A anti-PD-L1antibody, MED14736 anti-PD-L1 antibody, MSB0010718C anti-PD-L1 antibody,D1(A12) anti-TACE antibody, A9 anti-TACE antibody, Fsn0503 hanti-cathepsin S antibody, ATN-658 anti-uPAR antibody, or the J6M0anti-BMCA antibody.

Preferably, the immunotherapeutic agent used in the context of theinvention is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab,pembrolizumab and pidilizumab.

The immunotherapeutic agent used in the context of the invention mayalso be a conjugate comprising a monoclonal antibody as defined aboveand a chemotherapeutic agent as defined in the section “Chemotherapeuticagent” above.

In another embodiment, the immunotherapeutic agent used in the contextof the invention is an adoptively transferred T cell.

In the context of the invention, the term “adoptive cell transfer”refers to a variant of cell-based anticancer immunotherapy thatgenerally involves (1) the collection of circulating ortumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, (2) theirselection/modification/expansion/activation ex vivo and (3) their(re-)administration to patients, most often after lymphodepletingpre-conditioning and in combination with immunostimulatory agents.

The at least one immunotherapeutic agent used in the context of theinvention may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition, which mayfurther comprise pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, as definedbelow.

If a combination of different immunotherapeutic agents is used, theseimmunotherapeutic agents may be formulated in a single pharmaceuticalcomposition or in separate pharmaceutical compositions.

The at least one immunotherapeutic agent used in the context of theinvention may be administered by any suitable route well-known from theskilled person. As appreciated by skilled artisans, the pharmaceuticalcomposition(s) comprising the immunotherapeutic agent(s) can be suitablyformulated to be compatible with the intended route(s) ofadministration. Examples of suitable routes of administration includeparenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, oral (e.g., buccal, inhalation, nasal and pulmonaryspray), intradermal, transdermal (topical), transmucosal, intraocularand rectal administration.

In one embodiment, the at least one immunotherapeutic agent used in thecontext of the invention is administered intravenously orintratumorally. Preferably, the at least one immunotherapeutic agentused in the context of the invention is administered intravenously.

The dosage regimen of the immunotherapeutic agent used in the context ofthe invention will depend on the specific agent used. Such dosageregimens are well-known from the skilled person. They typically combinea particular concentration of the administered immunotherapeutic agentand a particular administration scheme.

For example, nivolumab is preferably administered, by intravenousinfusion of 60 min at a dose of 3 mg/kg of body weight every two weeks.

The immunotherapeutic agent used in the context of the invention ispreferably administered over a cycle including multiple administrations,each administration being preferably separated of a time interval of 3to 4 days.

However, since the combined use of the compound ABX196 or of the vaccinecomposition defined in the section “Vaccine composition” above with animmunotherapeutic agent increases significantly and synergically theanticancerous effects of said immunotherapeutically agent, it ispossible to decrease the dose and/or the administration duration of theimmunotherapeutic agent used compared to standard dosage regimens.

Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the at least oneimmunotherapeutic agent is administered at a dosage regimen lower thanthe standard dosage regimen recommended for this immunotherapeuticagent, in particular used alone or in combination with anotherimmunotherapeutic agent and/or chemotherapeutic agent.

The pharmaceutical combination and/or the vaccine composition used inthe context of the invention may further comprise pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients.

“Pharmaceutically” or “pharmaceutically acceptable” refer to molecularentities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic orother untoward reaction when administered to a mammal, especially ahuman, as appropriate. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier orexcipient refers to a non-toxic solid, semi-solid or liquid filler,diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.

The pharmaceutical combination and/or the vaccine composition used inthe context of the invention may be administered by any suitable routewell-known from the skilled person. As appreciated by skilled artisans,the pharmaceutical combination and/or the vaccine composition can besuitably formulated to be compatible with the intended route ofadministration. Examples of suitable routes of administration includeparenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, oral (e.g., buccal, inhalation, nasal and pulmonaryspray), intradermal, transdermal (topical), transmucosal, intraocularand rectal administration.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical combination and/or the vaccinecomposition used in the context of the invention is administeredintravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intranasally orintratumorally, more preferably intravenously. In one embodiment, thepharmaceutical combination and/or the vaccine composition used in thecontext of the invention is administered intravenously orintratumorally.

The pharmaceutical combination and/or the vaccine composition used inthe context of the invention may be administered once to a patient inneed thereof, or several times (including for example a prime dosefollowed by one or several booster dose(s)). Preferably, the vaccinecomposition used in the context of the invention is administered onlyonce (and thus does not need any administration of any booster dose).

The pharmaceutical combination and/or the vaccine composition used inthe context of the invention may be delivered in doses of compoundABX196 of at least 0.2 μg/patient. In one embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcombination and/or the vaccine composition used in the context of theinvention may be delivered in doses of compound ABX196 of at least 3ng/kg, for example between 3 ng/kg and 5 ng/kg. Effective doses willalso vary depending on route of administration, as well as thepossibility of co-usage with other agents.

Treatment of Cancer

The present invention further concerns a method of treating cancer,comprising the administration, in a patient in need thereof, of atherapeutically effective amount of an antitumor pharmaceuticalcombination, as defined in the section “Antitumor pharmaceuticalcombination” above, comprising:

(i) a compound ABX196 of formula (I)

and,

(ii) at least one chemotherapeutic agent, as defined in the section“Chemotherapeutic agent” above and/or at least one immunotherapeuticagent as defined in the section “Immunotherapeutic agent” above. In oneembodiment, said ABX196 compound is comprised in a vaccine compositionfurther comprising a tumor antigen, as defined in the section “Vaccinecomposition” above.

The present invention also concerns the use of:

(i) a compound ABX196 of formula (I)

and,

(ii) at least one chemotherapeutic agent, as defined in the section“Chemotherapeutic agent” above and/or at least one immunotherapeuticagent as defined in the section “Immunotherapeutic agent” above,

for the manufacture of an antitumor pharmaceutical combination intendedfor the treatment of cancer. In one embodiment, said ABX196 compound iscomprised in a vaccine composition further comprising a tumor antigen,as defined in the section “Vaccine composition” above.

The present invention also concerns a method for treating cancer,comprising the administration, in particular the co-administration, in apatient in need thereof, of a therapeutically effective amount of acompound ABX196 of formula (I)

in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of at least onechemotherapeutic agent, as defined in the section “Chemotherapeuticagent” above and/or a therapeutically effective amount of at least oneimmunotherapeutic agent as defined in the section “Immunotherapeuticagent” above. In one embodiment, said ABX196 compound is comprised in avaccine composition further comprising a tumor antigen, as defined inthe section “Vaccine composition” above.

The present invention also concerns the use of a compound ABX196 offormula (I)

and a tumor antigen, as defined in the section “Vaccine composition”above, for the manufacture of a vaccine composition intended for thetreatment of cancer in combination with at least one chemotherapeuticagent, as defined in the section “Chemotherapeutic agent” above and/orat least one immunotherapeutic agent as defined in the section“Immunotherapeutic agent” above.

The present invention also concerns a method for treating cancer,comprising the administration, in particular the co-administration, in apatient in need thereof, of a therapeutically effective amount of acompound ABX196 of formula (I)

in combination with (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a tumorantigen, as defined in the section “Vaccine composition” above, and (b)a therapeutically effective amount of at least one chemotherapeuticagent, as defined in the section “Chemotherapeutic agent” above and/or atherapeutically effective amount of at least one immunotherapeutic agentas defined in the section “Immunotherapeutic agent” above.

The present invention also concerns the use of a compound ABX196 offormula (I)

for the manufacture of a medicament intended for the treatment of cancerin combination with (a) a tumor antigen, as defined in the section“Vaccine composition” above, and (b) at least one chemotherapeuticagent, as defined in the section “Chemotherapeutic agent” above and/orat least one immunotherapeutic agent as defined in the section“Immunotherapeutic agent” above.

In all the above-mentioned aspects of the invention, the compound ABX196when comprised in the vaccine composition, may be used as an adjuvant.

The term “co-administration” or “combined administration” as used hereinis defined to encompass the administration of the selected therapeuticagents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatmentregimens in which the agents are not necessarily administered by thesame route of administration or at the same time.

According to the invention, the term “subject” or “subject in needthereof” is intended for a human or non-human mammal affected or likelyto be affected with a cancer.

In the context of the invention, the term “treating” or “treatment”means reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventingthe disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or moresymptoms of such disorder or condition.

By a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of the inventionis meant a sufficient amount of the compound to treat a cancer, (forexample, to limit growth or to slow or block tumor metastasis) at areasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. Itwill be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compoundsof the present invention will be decided by the attending physicianwithin the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeuticallyeffective dose level for any particular subject will depend upon avariety of factors including the disorder being treating and theseverity of the disorder, activity of the specific compounds employed,the specific combinations employed, the age, body weight, generalhealth, sex and diet of the subject, the time of administration, routeof administration and rate of excretion of the specific compoundsemployed, the duration of the treatment, drugs used in combination orcoincidental with the specific compounds employed, and like factors wellknown in the medical arts. For example, it is well within the skill ofthe art to start doses of the compounds at levels lower than thoserequired to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to graduallyincrease the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

The antitumor pharmaceutical combination according to the invention isparticularly useful to treat cancers.

The antitumor pharmaceutical combination of the invention can be used totreat a perceptible cancerous tumor in any phase of its development,including a cancer in its advanced phase of evolution. In particular,the antitumor pharmaceutical combination of the invention can used totreat very aggressive cancers.

More particularly, the term “treatment of a cancer” as used hereinincludes at least one of the following features: alleviation of thesymptoms associated with the cancer, a reduction in the extent of thecancerous tumor (e.g. a reduction in tumor growth), a stabilization ofthe state of the cancerous tumor (e.g. an inhibition of tumor growth), aprevention of further spread of the cancer (e.g. a metastasis), aprevention of the occurrence or recurrence of a cancer, a delaying orretardation of the progression of the cancer (e.g. a reduction in tumorgrowth) or an improvement in the state of the cancer (e.g. a reductionin tumor size).

As used herein the term “cancer” or “cancerous tumor” refers to adisorder in which a population of cells has become, in varying degrees,unresponsive to the control mechanisms that normally governproliferation and differentiation. Cancer refers to various types ofmalignant neoplasms and tumors, including primary tumors, and tumormetastasis. Non-limiting examples of cancers which can be treated by thecombinations of the present invention are lymphoproliferative disorders,breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer,endometrial cancer, bone cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, coloncancer, pancreatic cancer, cancer of the thyroid, head and neck cancer,cancer of the central nervous system, cancer of the peripheral nervoussystem, skin cancer, kidney cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoma,hepatoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, esophageal carcinoma, thyroidcarcinoma, ganglioblastoma, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma,chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma,endotheliosarcoma, Ewing's tumor, leimyosarcoma, rhabdotheliosarcoma,invasive ductal carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, melanoma, squamouscell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, renal cellcarcinoma, hypernephroma, hypernephroid adenocarcinoma, bile ductcarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wlms' tumor,testicular tumor, lung carcinoma including small cell, non-small andlarge cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, glioma, astrocyoma,medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma,retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, colon carcinoma, rectal carcinoma,hematopoietic malignancies including all types of leukemia and lymphomaincluding: acute myelogenous leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acutelymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocyticleukemia, mast cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, myeloid lymphoma,Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and hepatocarcinoma.

Preferably, the cancer to be treated in the context of the presentinvention is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, kidneycancer, hepatocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer.

In one embodiment, the cancer to be treated in the context of thepresent invention is selected from the group consisting of melanoma,hepatocarcinoma, bladder cancer and colorectal cancer.

Most preferably, the cancer to be treated in the context of the presentinvention is melanoma.

The combination therapy can provide a therapeutic advantage in view ofthe differential toxicity associated with the individual treatments. Forexample, treatment with one chemotherapeutic agent or with oneimmunotherapeutic agent can lead to a particular toxicity that is notseen with ABX196 or with the vaccine composition of the invention. Assuch, this differential toxicity can permit each treatment to beadministered at a dose at which the toxicities do not exist or areminimal, such that together the combination therapy provides atherapeutic dose while avoiding the toxicities of each of theconstituents of the combination agents. Furthermore, since thetherapeutic effects achieved as a result of the combination treatmentare enhanced, the doses of each of the agents can be reduced evenfurther, thus lowering the associated toxicities to an even greaterextent.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the method of treatment ofcancer according to the invention comprises one administration,preferably intravenously, of the the compound ABX196 or of the vaccinecomposition of the invention, as defined in the section “Vaccinecomposition” above, followed, 4 days later, by one administration,preferably by intravenous infusion, of a chemotherapeutic agent, asdefined in the section “Chemotherapeutic agent” above, in particular ofdoxorubicin.

In another embodiment, the method of treatment of cancer according tothe invention comprises one administration, preferably intravenously, ofthe compound ABX196 or of the vaccine composition of the invention, asdefined in the section “Vaccine composition” above, followed, 7 dayslater, by a first administration, preferably by intravenous infusion, ofan immunotherapeutic agent as defined in the section “Immunotherapeuticagent” above, in particular of nivolumab, preferably followed, 4 dayslater, by a second administration, preferably by intravenous infusion,of said immunotherapeutic agent, preferably further followed, 3 dayslater, by a third administration, preferably by intravenous infusion, ofsaid immunotherapeutic agent, further preferably followed, 4 days later,by a fourth administration, preferably by intravenous infusion, of saidimmunotherapeutic agent.

The present invention will be further illustrated by the figures andexamples below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: Mean and median volume of B16-F10 tumors engrafted in C57BL/6mice treated, in Example 1, with TRP2-ABX196 on D3, anti-PD-1 antibodieson D10, D14, D17 and D21 or a combination of TRP2-ABX196 and anti-PD-1antibodies.

FIG. 2: Survival of C57BL/6 mice bearing B16-F10 tumors and treated, inExample 1, with TRP2-ABX196, anti-PD-1 antibodies or a combination ofTRP2-ABX196 and anti-PD-1 antibodies.

***: p<0.001; ****: p<0.0001; n.s.: not significant.

FIG. 3: Mean and median volume of B16-F10 tumors engrafted in C57BL/6mice treated, in Example 1, with TRP2-ABX196 on D3, Doxorubicin on D7 ora combination of TRP2-ABX196 and Doxorubicin.

FIG. 4: Survival of C57BL/6 mice bearing B16-F10 tumors and treated, inExample 1, with TRP2-ABX196, Doxorubicin or a combination of TRP2-ABX196and Doxorubicin. **: p<0.01 ***: p<0.001; ****: p<0.0001; n.s.: notsignificant.

FIG. 5: Mean tumor volume (mm³) of B16F10 bearing mice of example 5exposed to vehicle, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, ABX196 administeredi.v, or to the combination of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies and ABX196administered i.v. Mean+/−SEM.

FIG. 6: Mean tumor volume (mm³) of B16F10 bearing mice of Example 5exposed to vehicle, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, ABX196 administeredi.t, or to the combination of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies and ABX196administered i.t. Mean+/−SEM.

FIG. 7: Survival of B16F10 bearing mice of Example 5 exposed to vehicle,anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, ABX196 administered i.v, or to thecombination of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies and ABX196 administeredi.v. Mean+/−SEM.

FIG. 8: Survival of B16F10 bearing mice of Example 5 exposed to vehicle,anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, ABX196 administered i.t or to thecombination of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies and ABX196 administeredi.t. Mean+/−SEM.

FIG. 9: Mean tumor volume (mm³) of CT-26 bearing mice of Example 6exposed to vehicle, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, ABX196 administeredi.v, or to the combination of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies and ABX196administered i.v. Mean+/−SEM.

FIG. 10: Mean tumor volume (mm³) of MBT-2 bearing mice of Example 6exposed to vehicle, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, ABX196 administeredi.v, or to the combination of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies andABX196. Mean+/−SEM

FIG. 11: Survival of MBT-2 bearing mice of Example 6 exposed to vehicle(2), anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (4), ABX196 administered i.v (3),or to the combination of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies and ABX196 (1).

FIG. 12: % of tumor invasion of the liver from each groups of mice ofExample 7 at day 20. G1: Vehicle; G2: Sorafenib; G3: Sorafenib+ABX196;G4: Doxorubicin; G5 Doxorubicin+ABX196; G6: Anti-PD-1; G7Anti-PD-1+ABX196

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO: Sequence Description 1 KFGWTGPDCNRKKPAAmino acid sequence of peptide GGNCSVYDFFVWLHYY CI II-TRP2₁₈₀₋₁₈₈ 2KFGWTGPDCNRKKPA Amino acid sequence of Class II epitope 3 SVYDFFVWLAmino acid sequence of an immunodominant peptide from thetumor associated antigen tyrosinase-related protein-2 4 GGGSVYDFFVWLGGGSAmino acid sequence of a pep- SKFGWTGPDCNRKKPAtide comprising the sequence of an immunodominant peptide from TRP2

EXAMPLES Example 1

This example demonstrates that a vaccine composition comprising thecompound ABX196 and a tumor antigen increases the anticancerous effectsof chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin or immunotherapeuticagents such as anti-PD-1 antibodies.

1. Materials and Methods

1.1. Compounds

The vaccine composition used comprises the peptide CI II-TRP2₁₈₀₋₁₈₈ andthe ABX196 adjuvant.

The peptide CI II-TRP2₁₈₀₋₁₈₈ of sequence KFGWTGPDCNRKKPA GGNCSVYDFFVWLHYY (SEQ ID NO: 1), is composed of a Class II epitope(KFGWTGPDCNRKKPA (SEQ ID NO: 2)) fused with an immunodominant peptidefrom the tumor associated antigen tyrosinase-related protein-2 which isover-expressed in melanocyte (SVYDFFVWL (SEQ ID NO: 3)).

The adjuvant ABX196 has the property to activate NKT cells.

The chemotherapeutic agent used was doxorubicin (DOXO CELL, Cell Pharm).

The immunotherapeutic agent used was anti-PD-1 antibody (ref.: BE0146,BioXcell; clone: RMP1-14, reactivity: mouse; isotype: Rat IgG2a; storageconditions: +4° C.).

1.2. Compounds Vehicles

Doxorubicin was diluted in NaCl 0.9%.

Anti-PD-1 antibody was prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) orother suitable vehicle according to manufacturer's recommendation.

The CI II-TRP2 peptide (5 mg/tube) was resuspended in DMSO at aconcentration of 50 mg/mL.

The adjuvant ABX196 was provided as a solution at 250 μg/mL

The final formulation of the vaccine containing CI II-TRP2 peptide andABX196 were prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).

The vehicle solution used in group 1 at day 3 (see section 2.1.2.)contained DMSO diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at the samefinal concentration as for the CL II-TRP2/ABX196 vaccine.

1.3. Treatment Doses

The peptide CI II-TRP2 was administered at the dose of 50 μg per mousetogether with 1 μg of adjuvant ABX196.

The anti-PD-1 antibody was administered at the dose 10 mg/kg.

Doxorubicin was administered at the dose of 12 mg/kg.

1.4. Routes of Administration

The vaccine composition was injected by the intra-venous route in thecaudal vein of mice (IV, bolus).

Anti-PD-1 antibody was injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice(Intraperitoneally, IP).

Doxorubicin was injected intravenously in the caudal vein of mice (IV,bolus).

In all groups, the vaccine composition was administered at a dose volumeof 10 mL/kg/adm (i.e. for one mouse weighing 20 g, 200 μL of vaccinecomposition was administered) according to the most recent body weightof mice.

1.5. Cancer Cell Lines and Culture Conditions

1.5.1. Cancer Cell Lines

The cell line that was used is detailed in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Cell lines used Cell line Type Specie Origin B16-F10 Melanomamouse ATCC^(a) ^(a)American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia,USA The B16-F10 cell line was established from a lung metastasis arisingfrom a spontaneously occurring melanoma in a C57BL/6J mouse.

1.5.2. Cell Culture Conditions

Cells were grown as monolayer at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere (5%CO₂, 95% air) in their respective culture medium (see table below). Theculture medium was DMEM containing 2 mM L-glutamine (ref: BE12-702F,Lonza, Verviers, Belgium) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (ref:3302, Lonza). Tumor cells are adherent to plastic flasks. Forexperimental use, tumor cells were detached from the culture flask by a5-minute treatment with trypsin-versene (ref: BE17-161E, Lonza), inHanks' medium without calcium or magnesium (ref: BE10-543F, Lonza) andneutralized by addition of complete culture medium. The cells werecounted in a hemocytometer and their viability was assessed by 0.25%trypan blue exclusion assay.

1.6. Use of Animals

1.6.1. Animals

95 healthy female C57BL/6 (C57BL/6J) mice, 6-7 weeks old, were obtainedfrom JANVIER LABS (Le Genest-Saint-Isle, France). Animals weremaintained in SPF health status according to the FELASA guidelines.

Animal housing and experimental procedures were realized according tothe French and European Regulations and NRC Guide for the Care and Useof Laboratory Animals.

1.6.2. Housing Conditions

Animals were maintained in housing rooms under controlled environmentalconditions:

-   -   Temperature: 22±2° C.,    -   Humidity 55±10%,    -   Photoperiod (12 h light/12 h dark),    -   HEPA filtered air,    -   15 air exchanges per hour with no recirculation.        Animal enclosures were provided sterile and adequate space with        bedding material, food and water, environmental and social        enrichment (group housing) as described:    -   Top filter polycarbonate Eurostandard Type III or IV cages,    -   Corn cob bedding (ref: LAB COB 12, SERLAB, France),    -   25 kGy Irradiated diet (Ssniff® Soest, Germany),    -   Complete food for immunocompetent rodents—R/M-H Extrudate,    -   Sterile, filtrated at 0.2 μm water,    -   Environmental enrichment (SIZZLE-dri kraft—D20004 SERLAB,        France).

2. Treatments

2.1. Antitumor Activity Study of a Novel Vaccine in Combination withPD-1 Targeting Antibody or Doxorubicin in Mice Bearing Subcutaneous816-F10 Melanoma

2.1.1. Induction of B16-F10 Tumors in Animals

Tumor was induced by subcutaneous injection of 1×10⁶ of B16-F10 cells in200 μL of PBS buffer into the right flank of 95 C57BL/6 female animals.The day of tumor cell injection in the right flank was considered as DO.

2.1.2. Treatment Schedule

On D3, 90 out of ninety-five 95 were then randomized according to theirbody weight into 6 groups each of 15 animals (groups 1-6).

A statistical test (analysis of variance, ANOVA) was performed to testfor homogeneity between groups using the Vivo Manager® software(Biosystemes, Couternon, France).

-   -   Animals from group 1 received one IV injection of the vehicle        used for the vaccine composition at day 3 and 4 IP        administrations of the vehicle used for anti-PD-1 antibody on        day 10, 14, 17 and 21.    -   Animals from group 2 received one IV injection of 50 μg of CI        II-TRP2 together with 1 μg of ABX196 on day 3.    -   Animals from group 3 received 4 IP administrations of anti-PD-1        antibody on day 10, 14, 17 and 21.    -   Animals from group 4 received one IV injection of 50 μg of CL        II-TRP2 together with 1 μg of ABX196 at day 3 and 4 IP        administrations of anti-PD-1 antibody on day 10, 14, 17 and 21    -   Animals from group 5 received one IV injection of Doxorubicin at        12 mg/kg on day 7.    -   Animals from group 6 received one IV injection of 50 μg of CL        II-TRP2 together with 1 μg of ABX196 on day 3 and one IV        injection of Doxorubicin at 12 mg/kg on day 7.

The treatment schedule is summarized in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Treatment schedules Group No. Animals Treatment Dose RouteTreatment Schedule 1 15 Vehicle — IV/IP D3-IV/TWx2 IP 2 15 CLII-TRP2/ABX196 50 μg/1 μg IV Q1Dx1 on D3 3 15 Anti-PD-1 Ab 10 mg/kg IPTWx2 on D10/D14/D17/D21 4 15 CL II-TRP2/ABX196 50 μg/1 μg IV Q1Dx1 on D3Anti-PD-1 Ab 10 mg/kg IP TWx2 on D10/D14/D17/D21 5 15 Doxorubicin 12mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 6 15 CL II-TRP2/ABX196 50 μg/1 μg IV Q1Dx1 on D3Doxorubicin 12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 TOTAL 90

The monitoring of animals was performed as described in section 2.2.

2.2. Animal Monitoring

2.2.1. Clinical Monitoring

The viability and behavior were recorded every day. Body weights weremeasured twice a week until injection of tumor cells then thrice a week.The length and width of the tumor were measured thrice a week withcalipers and the volume of the tumor was estimated by the formula:

${{Tumor}\mspace{14mu} {volume}} = {\frac{{width}^{2} \times {length}}{2} \times 100}$

2.2.2. Humane Endpoints

-   -   Signs of pain, suffering or distress: pain posture, pain face        mask, behavior,    -   Tumor exceeding 10% of normal body weight (individual tumor        taken into account), but non-exceeding 1,500 mm³ (the sum of        tumor volume on right flank/MFP and tumor volume on left        flank/MFP were taken into account),    -   Tumors interfering with ambulation or nutrition,    -   Ulcerated tumor or tissue erosion,    -   20% body weight loss remaining for 2 consecutive days,    -   Poor body condition, emaciation, cachexia, dehydration,    -   Prolonged absence of voluntary responses to external stimuli,    -   Rapid labored breathing, anemia, significant bleeding,    -   Neurologic signs: circling, convulsion, paralysis,    -   Sustained decrease in body temperature,    -   Abdominal distension.

2.2.3. Necropsy

Necropsy (macroscopic examination) was performed on all terminatedanimals in the study, and, if possible, on all euthanized moribund orfound dead animals.

2.3. Animal Procedures

2.3.1. Anesthesia

Isoflurane gas anesthesia was used for tumor inoculation and i.v.injections.

2.3.2. Euthanasia

Euthanasia of animals was performed by gas anesthesia over-dosage(Isoflurane) followed by cervical dislocation or exsanguination.

3. Data Processing

3.1. Health Parameters

The following evaluation criteria of health were determined using VivoManager® software (Biosystemes, Couternon, France):

-   -   Individual and mean body weights of animals were provided.    -   Mean body weight change (MBWC): Average weight changes of        treated animals in percent (weight at day B minus weight at day        A divided by weight at day A) were calculated. The intervals        over which MBWC was calculated, was chosen as a function of body        weight curves and the days of body weight measurement.

3.2. Efficacy Parameters

The treatment efficacy was assessed in terms of the effects of thevaccine composition on the tumor volumes of treated animals relative tocontrol animals. The following evaluation criteria of antitumor efficacywas determined using Vivo Manager® software (Biosystemes, Couternon,France):

-   -   Individual, mean and median tumor volumes were provided,    -   The number of tumor-free mice was provided.        Mice survival was also monitored and used as an efficacy        parameter. Survival curves were drawn.        Percent treated/control (T/C (%) index) is calculated by        dividing the median treated tumor volume by the median control        tumor volume on day 14 and multiplying by 100. A T/C % equal or        less than 42% is considered significant antitumor activity by        the drug evaluation branch of the division of cancer treatment        (NCI).

${T\text{/}C\mspace{14mu} \%} = {\frac{{Tumor}\mspace{14mu} {Volume}\mspace{14mu} {Median}_{treated}}{{Tumor}\mspace{14mu} {Volume}\mspace{14mu} {Median}_{vehicle}} \times 100}$

Tumor growth inhibition is also reflective to the antitumoreffectiveness and is calculated following the formula:

${{TGI}\mspace{14mu} \%} = {\lbrack \frac{1 - \frac{( \frac{{TVM}_{{treated}\mspace{14mu} {dayx}}}{{TVM}_{{treated}\mspace{14mu} {initial}}} )}{( \frac{{TVM}_{{vehicle}\mspace{14mu} {dayx}}}{{TVM}_{{vehicle}\mspace{14mu} {initial}}} )}}{1 - ( \frac{{TVM}_{{vehicle}\mspace{14mu} {initial}}}{{TVM}_{{vehicle}\mspace{14mu} {dayx}}} )} \rbrack \times 100}$

% TGI higher than 50% is considered as active.

3.3. Statistical Analysis

Mean tumor volumes at defined times were analyzed with the GrapadPrismSoftware

(Version 6.07) using the Kruskall-Wallis test for all the treatments. Asignificant difference between all treatments (P<0.05) was followed bypairwise comparisons using the Dunn's multiple comparison test. Survivalwas analyzed using the Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test with GrapadPrismSoftware (Version 6.07). A significant difference between all treatments(P<0.05) was followed by pairwise comparisons using the Log-rank(Mantel-Cox) test.

4. Results

4.1. Antitumor Activity Study of the Vaccine Composition of theInvention (TRP2-ABX196) in Combination with PD-1 Targeting Antibody orDoxorubicin in Mice Bearing Subcutaneous B16-F10 Melanoma

4.1.1. Toxicity Parameters

The mean body weight curves were determined, and the effects oftreatments on mice individual body weight were studied.

No deterioration in general status was observed and clinical statusremained good for treated animals during the study whatever thetreatment group.

For the three groups of mice that were immunized with TRP2-ABX196, animportant weight loss, i.e. approximately 10%, was measured two daysafter immunization. The weight loss was transient in all the mice andthey rapidly recovered weight at day five.

With the exception of mice treated with a combination of TRP2-ABX196 anddoxorubicin, in which body weight was stabilized during the treatmentperiod, the weight evolution was similar in all the other treatmentgroups.

Thus, with the exception of a transient weight loss after administrationof the vaccine TRP2-ABX196 alone or in combination, all treatments werewell tolerated by C57BL/6J mice bearing B16-F10 tumor.

4.1.2. Antitumor Activity Analysis

The individual, mean and median tumor volumes curves are presented inFIGS. 1 and 3.

Mice survival curves are presented in FIGS. 2 and 4.

A summary of median survival times in days is presented in Table 3below.

TABLE 3 Median survival (days) per experimental groups. Treatment groupMedian Survival (days) Vehicle 17 TRP2-ABX196 21 Anti-PD-1 Ab 17TRP2-ABX196 + Anti-PD-1 Ab 28 Doxorubicin 21 TRP2-ABX196 + Doxorubicin26

The statistical analysis of tumor volume at D17 are shown in Table 4below.

TABLE 4 Statistical analysis of tumor growth between treatments at D17.Global comparison of all treatments at D17: P value < 0.0001(Kruskal-Wallis test). Pairwise comparisons between treatments: P valueaccording to the Dunn's multiple comparison test. TreatmentTRP2-ABX196 + TRP2-ABX196 + groups Vehic. TRP2-ABX196 α-PD-1 α-PD-1Doxo. Doxo. Vehic. — ns ns *** ns *** TRP2-ABX196 ns — ns ns ns nsα-PD-1 ns ns — *** ns **** TRP2-ABX196 + *** ns *** — ns ns α-PD-1 Doxo.ns ns ns ns — * TRP2-ABX196 + *** ns **** ns * — Doxo. Vehic.: vehicle;α-PD-1: anti-PD-1 antibody; Doxo.: doxorubicin * P < 0.05; *** P <0.001; **** P < 0.0001

The statistical analysis of tumor volume at D19 are shown in Table 5below.

TABLE 5 Statistical analysis of tumor growth between treatments at D19.Global comparison of all treatments at D19: P value < 0.0001(Kruskal-Wallis test). Pairwise comparisons between treatments: P valueaccording to the Dunn's multiple comparison test. TreatmentTRP2-ABX196 + TRP2-ABX196 + Groups Vehic. TRP2-ABX196 α-PD-1 α-PD-1Doxo. Doxo. Vehic. — ns ns ns ns ** TRP2-ABX196 ns — ns ns ns ns α -PD-1ns ns — ** ns *** TRP2-ABX196 + ns ns ** — ns ns α-PD-1 Doxo. ns ns nsns — * TRP2-ABX196 + ** ns *** ns * — Doxo. Vehic.: vehicle; α-PD-1:anti-PD-1 antibody; Doxo.: doxorubicin * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P <0.001; **** P < 0.0001

The statistical analysis of tumor volume at D17 and D19 in threesubgroups are shown in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6 Statistical analysis of tumor growth between three subgroups atD17 and D19. Statistical analysis of three groups with TRP2-ABX196 asthe reference group: D17 D19 P value - Kruskal-Wallis test^(a) 0.02280.0121 TRP2-ABX196 + Anti-PD-1 Ab^(b) * ns TRP2-ABX196 +Doxorubicin^(b) * ** ^(a)three groups (TRP2-ABX196, TRP2-ABX196 +Anti-PD-1 Ab and TRP2-ABX196 + Doxorubicin are considered) ^(b)Dunn'smultiple comparison test with TRP2-ABX196 as the reference group *P <0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001

The statistical analysis of mice survival are shown in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7 Statistical analysis of mice survival between treatments. Globalcomparison of all survival curves: P* < 0.0001 Summary of pairwisecomparisons: TRP2- TRP2- Treatment TRP2- ABX196 + ABX196 + Groups ABX196α-PD-1 α-PD-1 Doxo. Doxo. Vehicle 0.0001** 0.279 <0.0001 0.0015 <0.0001α-PD-1 — 0.0002 0.0710 0.624 0.22 Doxo. <0.0001 — 0.1285 α-PD-1:anti-PD-1 antibody; Doxo.: doxorubicin *Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test**bold numbers refers to significant difference between compared groups(P < 0.05).

TABLE 8 Anti-tumor activity index at day 14. TRP2/ TRP2/ TRP2/ ABX196 +ABX196 + ABX196 Anti-PD-1 Doxorubicin Anti-PD-1 Doxorubicin T/C 33.599.8 56.3 11.8 15.4 TGI 63.1 22.5 52.7 90.5 78.5Antitumor activity analysis of TRP2-ABX196 combined with anti-PD-1 Ab

Mice bearing B16-F10 tumors were treated at D3 with TRP2-ABX196 vaccine,anti-PD-1 Ab at D10, D14, D17 and D21 or a combination of both. Thekinetics of tumor growth is shown in FIG. 1.

As expected, there was no anti-tumoral activity associated withanti-PD-1 Ab treatment in comparison to the vehicle-treated group. Thoseobservations are supported by the T/C and TGI values showing thatanti-PD-1 demonstrates any activity (Table 8; T/C>42% and TGI<50%). Incontrast, mice treatment with TRP2-ABX196 resulted in a slower growth ofB16-F10 tumors in comparison to that of the vehicle-treated group. T/Cand TGI values reflect the anti tumor activity of TRP2/ABX196 activity(Table 8; T/C<42% and TGI>50%). The antitumor activity of TRP2/ABX196 isfurther improved in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody, with a completestabilization of tumor growth up to day 14 in the latter group; as alsoindicated by T/C and TGI values (Table 8) which are below 15% and higherthan 90%, respectively. Those values indicate a highly active treatmentbecause following NCI guidelines, a T/C below 15% demonstrates the highpotency of the treatment.

Rigorous and thorough statistical analysis of tumor growth at D17 (Table5) indicated a significant difference of tumor volume between all groupsand a highly significant decrease of tumor volume for the group of micetreated with TRP2-ABX196 vaccine and anti-PD-1 only in comparison to thevehicle-treated group.

With the aim of increasing the power of the statistical analysis andevidenced a difference in the combination group versus thevaccine-treated group, a subsequent statistical analysis was performedwith three groups, i.e. TRP2-ABX196, TRP2-ABX196+Anti-PD-1 Ab andTRP2-ABX196+Doxorubicin (Table 6). This analysis indicated a significantdecrease of tumor volume at D17 between TRP2-ABX196 and TRP2-ABX196combined with anti-PD-1 antibody while this difference did not reachsignificance at day 19.

Mice survival is illustrated in FIG. 2. Survival of mice treated withTRP2-ABX196 and TRP2-ABX196 combined with anti-PD-1 antibody wassignificantly improved in comparison to that of the vehicle-treatedgroup (Table 7) while the increase was close to significance (P=0.0710)for the combination treatment in comparison to TRP2-ABX196 vaccinealone.

Antitumor Activity Analysis of TRP2-ABX196 Combined with Doxorubicin

Mice bearing B16-F10 tumors were treated at D3 with TRP2-ABX196 vaccine,doxorubicin at D7 or a combination of both. The kinetics of tumor growthis shown in FIG. 3.

Mice treated with doxorubicin alone presented a weak and non-significant(Tables 4 and 5) decrease of tumor growth in comparison to thevehicle-treated group. Even if TGI is slightly higher than 50%, the T/Cvalue remains superior to 42%, indicating the lack of antitumor potencyof Doxorubicin. Mice treated with the combination of TRP2-ABX196 incombination with doxorubicin presented a complete stabilization of tumorgrowth up to day 14; the decrease in tumor volume at D17 and D19 reachedsignificance versus the vehicle-treated group upon the completestatistical analysis of the experiment (Tables 4 and 5). The synergiceffect of TRP2/ABX196 and Doxorubicin is also demonstrated by the T/Cand TGI values which are <42% and >50%, respectively (Table 8).

Following a subsequent statistical analysis with three groups (Table 6),a significant decrease of tumor volume at D17 and D19 betweenTRP2-ABX196 and TRP2-ABX196 combined with doxorubicin was found.

Mice survival is illustrated in FIG. 4. Survival of mice treated withTRP2-ABX196 combined with doxorubicin was significantly improved incomparison to that of the vehicle-treated group (Table 7) while thesurvival increase did not reach significance in comparison to eachtreatment modality alone.

A synthesis of the median survival for all the experimental groups isshown in Table 3.

5. Conclusions

The purpose of this example was to combine the TRP2-ABX196 vaccine witheither an anti-PD-1 antibody or the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin,known to induce immunogenic cell death.

The compounds tested, either alone or in combination were well toleratedby the animals and no drug-related severe toxicity nor death wererecorded.

Transient weight loss close to 10% was observed in all the groups thatreceived TRP2-ABX196 vaccine but all the mice recovered their normalweight rapidly, i.e. 2 to 5 days after the single vaccine injection.

The survival of mice treated with TRP2-ABX196 vaccine was significantlyimproved in comparison to the vehicle-treated group. For bothcombination groups, the anti-tumoral activity was further improved whencompared to the vaccine alone with a median survival of 21 days thatincreased to 28 and 26 days, when combined with anti-PD-1 antibody ordoxorubicin, respectively. Survival increase was close to significancewith the combination of TRP2-ABX196 vaccine and anti-PD-1 antibody(P=0.071) versus vaccine alone. Even if TRP2/ABX196 and Doxorubicintreatments present an anti-tumor effect, those treatments are improvedby the combination of the invention (ABX196 plus anti-PD-1 or plusDoxorubicin) as reflected by T/C ratio, which is lower than 16% whenmice are treated with the combinations (see Table 8). Below 15%,treatment is considered as highly active following NCI guidelines. Onthe same line, the TGI (tumor growth inhibition) is up to 78% inpresence of combination treatments, demonstrating that the combinationtreatment is highly active.

These results are remarkable in the context of the strong agressivity ofthe B16-F10 model and its poor noteworthy immunogenicity. Of note, theexperiment has been performed with a high number of injected tumorcells, i.e. one million per animal, which might potentially explain whycomplete regressions of tumors were not observed.

Example 2

This example describes the specific effect obtained with the vaccinecomposition of the invention comprising ABX196 as adjuvant, compared toother vaccine compositions comprising other α-galactosylceramidederivatives as adjuvant.

Materials and Methods

The experiment was performed as described in Example 1 except that micewere administered with 5×10⁵ B16-F10 cells.

The other α-galactosylceramide derivative used was α-GalCer of thefollowing formula:

-   -   The treatment schedule of the first experiment was as follows:

No Group Animals Treatment Dose Route Treatment schedule 1 15 Vehicle —IV Q1Dx1 on D7/D10 2 15 ABX196 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 3 15 α-GalCer 100ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 4 15 Doxorobucin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 5 15Doxorobucin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 ABX196 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 6 15Doxorobucin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 α-GalCer 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10TOTAL 90

-   -   The treatment schedule of the second experiment was as follows:

No Group Animals Treatment Dose Route Treatment schedule 1 15 Vehicle —IV Q1Dx1 on D7/D10 2 15 ABX196  10 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 3 15 α-GalCer  10ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 4 15 ABX196 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 5 15 α-GalCer 100ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 6 15 Doxorobucin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 7 15Doxorobucin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 ABX196  10 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 8 15Doxorobucin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 ABX196 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 9 15Doxorobucin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 α-GalCer  10 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 10 15 Doxorobucin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 α-GalCer 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10TOTAL 150

-   -   The treatment schedule of the third experiment was as follows:

No Treatment Group Animals Treatment Dose Route schedule 1 15 Vehicle —IV/IP D3-IV/TWx2 IP 2 15 TRP2/ABX196 50 μg/1 μg IV Q1Dx1 on D3 3 15Anti-PD-1 Ab 10 mg/kg IP TWx2 on D10/D14/ D17/D21 4 15 TRP2/ABX196 50μg/1 μg IV Q1Dx1 on D3 Anti-PD-1 Ab 10 mg/kg IP TWx2 on D10/D14/ D17/D215 15 TRP2/αGalCer 50 μg/1 μg IV Q1Dx1 on D3 6 15 TRP2/αGalCer 50 μg/1 μgIV Q1Dx1 on D3 Anti-PD-1 Ab 10 mg/kg IP TWx2 on D10/D14/ D17/D21 TOTAL90

-   -   The treatment schedule of the fourth experiment was as follows:

No. Treatment Group Animals Treatment Dose Route Schedule 1 10 Vehicle —IV/IP D3-IV/TWx2 IP 2 10 TRP2/ABX196 50 μg/1 μg IV Q1Dx1 on D3 3 10TRP2/ABX196 50 μg/1 μg IV Q1Dx1 on D3 Anti-PD-1 Ab 10 mg/kg IP TWx2 onD10/D14/ D17/D21

5 mice per group were sacrificed and autopsied at D12 and D16.

Tumor was collected and flow cytometry analysis of the followingpopulations was performed:

-   -   T Cytotoxic populations: CD45⁺/CD3⁺/CD8⁺/TNFα/Perforin/Granzyme    -   Treg populations: CD45⁺/CD3⁺/CD4⁺/CD8⁻/FoxP3⁺

Example 3 1. Study Aims

-   -   Evaluate the anti-tumoral activity of ABX196 and α-Gal-Cer as        defined in example 2 in the ectopic B16-F10 melanoma model.    -   Evaluate the anti-tumoral activity of ABX196 and α-Gal-Cer        combined with doxorubicin treatment in the ectopic B16-F10        melanoma model.

2. Materials and Methods

The experiment is the same as for example 1, except for the following.

Test and Reference Substances Vehicles

Doxorubicin was diluted in NaCl 0.9%

ABX196 was provided as a solution at 250 μg/mL

α-Gal-Cer was provided as a solution at 1 mg/mL

Dilution of ABX196 or αGalCer was performed in PBS buffer

The vehicle solution used in group 1 at day 7 contained DMSO diluted inphosphate buffered saline (PBS) at the same final concentration as theABX196 test item.

Treatment Doses

The ABX196 and α-Gal-Cer compounds were administered at the dose of 10or 100 ng per mouse.

Doxorubicin was administered at the dose of 12 mg/kg.

Routes of Administration

Test substance was injected by the intra-venous route in the caudal veinof mice (IV, bolus). Doxorubicin was injected intravenously in thecaudal vein of mice (IV, bolus)

In all groups, test substances (ABX196 and α-Gal-Cer) were administeredat a dose volume of 5 mL/kg/adm (i.e. for one mouse weighing 20 g, 100μL of test substance was administered) according to the most recent bodyweight of mice. Doxorubicin was administered at a dose volume of 10mL/kg/adm.

3. Experimental Design and Treatments

3.1.1. Induction of B16-F10 Tumors in Animals

Tumor was induced by subcutaneous injection of 5×10⁵ B16-F10 cells in200 μL of PBS buffer into the right flank of one hundred and ninety-five(195) C57BL/6 female animals. The day of tumor cell injection in theright flank was considered as DO.

3.1.2. Treatment Schedule

On D7, one hundred fifty animals (150) out of one hundred andninety-five (195) were then randomized according to their tumor volumeinto 10 groups each of 15 animals (groups 1-10). Should the volume at D7be too small, in particular with mice presenting no measurable tumors,randomization was performed according to their body weight.

A statistical test (analysis of variance) was performed to test forhomogeneity between groups using the Vivo Manager® software(Biosystemes, Couternon, France).

The treatment schedule is summarized in the table below:

No. Treatment Group Animals Treatment Dose Route Schedule 1 15 Vehicle —IV Q1Dx1 on D7/D10 2 15 ABX196  10 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 3 15 a-Gal-Cer  10ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 4 15 ABX196 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 5 15 a-Gal-Cer 100ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 6 15 Doxorubicin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 7 15Doxorubicin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 ABX196  10 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 8 15Doxorubicin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 ABX196 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 9 15Doxorubicin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 a-Gal-Cer  10 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10 1015 Doxorubicin  12 mg/kg IV Q1Dx1 on D7 a-Gal-Cer 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D10

-   -   The animals from group 1 received one IV injection of test        substance vehicle at day 7 and 10.    -   The animals from group 2 received one IV injection of 10 ng of        ABX196 on day 10.    -   The animals from group 3 received one IV injection of 10 ng of        α-Gal-Cer on day    -   10.    -   The animals from group 4 received one IV injection of 100 ng of        ABX196 on day 10.    -   The animals from group 5 received one IV injection of 100 ng of        α-Gal-Cer on day 10.    -   The animals from group 6 received one IV injection of        Doxorubicin at 12 mg/kg on day 7.    -   The animals from group 7 received one IV injection of        Doxorubicin at 12 mg/kg on day 7 and one IV injection of 10 ng        of ABX196 on day 10.    -   The animals from group 8 received one IV injection of        Doxorubicin at 12 mg/kg on day 7 and one IV injection of 100 ng        of ABX196 on day 10.    -   The animals from group 9 received one IV injection of        Doxorubicin at 12 mg/kg on    -   day 7 and one IV injection of 10 ng of α-Gal-Cer on day 10.    -   The animals from group 10 received one IV injection of        Doxorubicin at 12 mg/kg on day 7 and one IV injection of 100 ng        of α-Gal-Cer on day 10.

Example 4 1. Study Aims

-   Part 1: Evaluate the anti-tumoral activity of combinations of the    vaccine CL II-TRP2/ABX196 or CL II-TRP2/α-Gal-Cer with an anti-PD-1    antibody in the ectopic B16-F10 melanoma model-   Part 2: characterization of immune infiltrates in B16-F10 tumors    from mice treated with CL II-TRP2/ABX196 vaccine alone or combined    with anti-PD-1 antibody treatment.

2. Materials and Methods

Part 1 of the experiment is the same as for example 1, except for thefollowing.

Test and Reference Substances Vehicles

Anti-PD-1 antibody was prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) orother suitable vehicle according to manufacturer's recommendation.

The CI II-TRP2 peptide (5 mg/tube) was resuspended in DMSO at aconcentration of 50 mg/mL.

The adjuvant ABX196 was provided as a solution at 250 μg/mL

The adjuvant α-Gal-Cer was provided as a solution at 1 mg/mL

The final formulation of the vaccine containing CI II-TRP2 peptide andABX196 was prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).

The vehicle solution used in group 1 at day 3 contained DMSO diluted inphosphate buffered saline (PBS) at the same final concentration as forthe CL II-TRP2/ABX196 vaccine.

Treatment Doses

The peptide CI II-TRP2 was administered at the dose of 50 μg per mousetogether with 100 ng of adjuvants ABX196 or α-Gal-Cer.

The anti-PD-1 antibody was administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg.

Routes of Administration

Test substance was injected by the intra-venous route in the caudal veinof mice (IV, bolus). Anti-PD-1 antibody was injected into the peritonealcavity of mice (Intraperitoneally, IP)

In all groups, test substances were administered at a dose volume of 5mL/kg/adm (i.e. for one mouse weighing 20 g, 100 μL of test substancewas administered) according to the most recent body weight of mice.

Anti-PD-1 antibody was administered at a dose volume of 10 mL/kg/adm.

3. Experimental Design and Treatments

Part I: Antitumor Activity Study of a Vaccine in Combination with PD-1Targeting Antibody in Mice Bearing Subcutaneous B16-F10 Melanoma

i. Induction of B16-F10 Tumors in Animals

Tumor was induced by subcutaneous injection of 5×10⁵ of B16-F10 cells in200 μL of PBS buffer into the right flank of one hundred and fifty-six(156) C57BL/6 female animals. The day of tumor cell injection in theright flank was considered as DO.

ii. Treatment Schedule

On D3, one hundred and twenty animals (120) out of one hundred andfifty-six (156) were then randomized according to their body weight into9 groups, six of 15 animals (groups 1-6 of ACT2) and 3 of 10 animals(group 1-3 of ACT3).

A statistical test (analysis of variance) was performed to test forhomogeneity between groups using the Vivo Manager® software(Biosystemes, Couternon, France).

-   -   The animals from group 1 received one IV injection of test        substance vehicle at day 3 and 4 IP administrations of test        reference vehicle (Antibody) on day 10,14,17 and 21.    -   The animals from group 2 received one IV injection of 50 μg of        CI II-TRP2 together with 100 ng of ABX196 on day 3.    -   The animals from group 3 received 4 IP administrations of        anti-PD-1 antibody on day 10, 14, 17 and 21.    -   The animals from group 4 received one IV injection of 50 μg of        CL II-TRP2 together with 100 ng of ABX196 on day 3 and 4 IP        administrations of anti-PD-1 antibody on day 10, 14, 17 and 21.    -   The animals from group 5 received one IV injection of 50 μg of        CI II-TRP2 together with 100 ng of α-Gal-Cer on day 3.    -   The animals from group 6 received one IV injection of 50 μg of        CL II-TRP2 together with 100 ng of α-Gal-Cer on day 3 and 4 IP        administrations of anti-PD-1 antibody on day 10, 14, 17 and 21.

The treatment schedule is summarized in the table below:

Group No. Animals Treatment Dose Route Treatment Schedule 1 15 Vehicle —IV/IP D3-IV/TWx2 IP 2 15 CL II-TRP2/ABX196 50 μg/100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D3 315 Anti-PD-1 Ab 10 mg/kg IP TWx2 on D10/D14/D17/D21 4 15 CLII-TRP2/ABX196 50 μg/100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D3 Anti-PD-1 Ab 10 mg/kg IP TWx2on D10/D14/D17/D21 5 15 CL II-TRP2-α-Gal- 50 μg/100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D3Cer 6 15 CL II-TRP2-α-Gal- 50 μg/100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D3 Cer Anti-PD-1 Ab10 mg/kg IP TWx2 on D10/D14/D17/D21 TOTAL 90

Part II: Characterization of Immune T Cell Infiltrates in B16-F10Melanoma Tumors from Mice Treated with a Vaccine in Combination withPD-1 Targeting Antibody.

-   -   The animals from group 1 received one IV injection of test        substance vehicle at day 3 and 4 IP administrations of test        reference vehicle (Antibody) on day 10,14,17 and 21.    -   The animals from group 2 received one IV injection of 50 μg of        CI II-TRP2 together with 100 ng of ABX196 on day 3.    -   The animals from group 3 received one IV injection of 50 μg of        CL II-TRP2 together with 100 ng of ABX196 on day 3 and 4 IP        administrations of anti-PD-1 antibody on day 10, 14, 17 and 21.

The treatment schedule is summarized in the table below:

Group No. Animals Treatment Dose Route Treatment Schedule 1 10 Vehicle —IV/IP D3-IV/TWx2 IP 2 10 CL II-TRP2/ABX196 50 μg/100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D3 310 CL II-TRP2/ABX196 50 μg/100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D3 Anti-PD-1 Ab 10 mg/kgIP Q1Dx2 on D10/D14

Immune T cell infiltrates in the tumor were evaluated on D13 and D17. Atthe time of termination, tumors from 5 mice of each group werecollected. For group 2 and 3, balanced proportion between responding andnon-responding mice was collected at each day of collection, i.e. D13and D17.

After removal from the mice, each tumor was weighted and transferred totubes with RPMI culture medium. The tumor was mechanically disrupted insmall pieces of a few mm size with a scalpel and finally crushed with a1 mL syringe plunger on a 70 μm sieve (Ref. 352350, FALCON). Cells werenext counted after trypan blue staining and one million of cells werecentrifuged and resuspended in staining buffer (PBS (ref: 17-516F,Lonza), 0.2% BSA (ref: A7030, Sigma, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France),0.02% NaN₃ (ref: S2002, Sigma)).

The antibodies directed against the chosen markers were added to thetumor cell suspension, according to the conditions described by thesupplier for each antibody. The markers CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8 weredetected on the cell surface. The markers FoxP3, TNFalpha, Perforin,Granzyme were detected intracellularly, after cell permeabilization.Isotype control antibodies was used in each case as negative control.The panel of antibodies used to measure the two following populationsare listed in the table below:

-   -   Treg cell population: CD45+/CD3+/CD4+/CD8−/FoxP3+    -   T Cytotoxic populations: CD45+/CD3+/CD8+/TNFa/Perforin/Granzyme

Reference of Specificity Reference fluorochrome Provider isotype Isotypefluorochrome Provider FoxP3 130-093- PE Miltenyi A07796 IgG1 PE Beckman014 Biotec Coulter CD8a 553036 PerCP BD 553933 IgG2a PerCP BDBiosciences Biosciences CD3 561389 V450 BD 560457 IgG2 V450 BDBiosciences Biosciences CD4 130-102- VioGreen Miltenyi 130-102- IgG2bVioGreen Miltenyi 444 Biotec 659 Biotec CD45 557659 APC-Cy7 BD 552773IgG2b APC-Cy7 BD Biosciences Biosciences TNFalpha 506308 APC biolegend400412 IgG1 APC biolegend Perforin 12-9392- PE eBioscience 12-4321 IgG2aPE eBioscience 82 Granzyme 11-8898- FITC ebioscience 553988 IgG2b FITCBD 82 Biosciences

The mixture of cells and antibodies was incubated for 20 to 30 minutesat room temperature in the dark, washed, and resuspended in 200 μLstaining buffer. All samples were stored on ice and protected from lightuntil Flow Cytometry analysis.

The stained cells were analyzed with a CyFlow® space flow cytometer (LSRII, BD Biosciences) equipped with 3 excitation lasers at wavelengths405, 488 and 633 nm. Flow cytometry data were acquired until either10,000 mCD45+events are recorded for each sample, or for a maximumduration of 2 minutes.

Example 5: Study of ABX196 Administered Intravenously or Intratumorallyin Combination with Anti-PD-1 Antibodies 1. Study Aims

The study was performed on a syngeneic in vivo melanoma B16F10tumor-bearing mouse model. B16F10 tumor cells were subcutaneouslyinoculated in immuno-competent C57BL/6 mice.

Melanoma B16F10 tumor cells were subcutaneously inoculated at day 0 byinjecting cells in the flank of 8-10 weeks-old female C57BL/6 mice, andanimals were then randomly assigned into control (vehicle PBS-treated)and treatments groups.

For the anti-PD-1 antibodies treatment, mice were intraperitoneally (IP)injected with anti-PD-1 antibodies at Day 6, 9, 12, 15 and 21.Furthermore, ABX196 was administered at 1 dose, intravenously orintratumorally, with one administration at Day 10 when mean of tumorsize reached 100 mm³.

The animal pharmacological groups for anti-tumor efficacy assessmentwere organized as such:

-   -   Control vehicle-treated group (PBS according to anti-PD-1        treatment schedule)    -   Anti-PD-1-treated group (at 1 dose, intraperitoneal        administration)    -   ABX196-treated group (at 1 dose, Intravenous (iv) administration        at Day 10)    -   Combination-treated group (ABX196 at 1 dose, Intravenous (iv)        administration at Day 10 in combination with anti-PD-1        antibodies at 1 dose, intraperitoneal (ip) administration)    -   ABX196-treated group (at 1 dose, Intratumoral (it)        administration at Day 10)    -   Combination-treated group (ABX196 at 1 dose, Intratumoral (it)        administration at Day 10 in combination with anti-PD-1        antibodies at 1 dose, intraperitoneal (ip) administration)

With:

14-15 mice per group90 mice in total for the in vivo efficacy assessment

2. Experimental Procedure 2.1 Animals

Mice (Mus musculus), Strain C57BL/6, Female

Provider: Charles River Laboratories—BP 0109-F 69592 L'Arbresle Cedex

The animals were used between 8 and 10 weeks. 6 weeks-old mice wereplaced in acclimatization for about 14 days (B16F10 tumor cellsimplantation at 8 weeks old). 90 animals were used for this study.

Ventilation and air treatment was performed through frequent turnover(8-20 volumes/hour depending on the density of animals housed) andtemperature controlled between 22 and 25° C. Humidity was maintainedbetween 40 and 70%. Artificial lighting was maintained 12 hours a day.Quantity and access to food (pellets) and drink (tap water) was checkeddaily. Mice were housed in collective cages, with 10 animals per cage(820 cm2 cage). Cages were renewed once a week by animal care taker.

2.2 Animal Monitoring

Tumor volume and body weight of the animals were measured and recordedthree times per week. A tumor volume exceeding 2000 mm3 or a weight lossgreater than 15% relative to the initial weight of the animal wereconsidered as endpoints.

Similarly, if the mouse was (i) prostrate, or (ii) no longer cleaned itscoat (hair bristling and not glossy), (iii) was less mobile, this wasalso considered as an endpoint.

When at least one of these conditions was met then the mice weresacrificed by cervical dislocation.

To minimize pain, suffering and anxiety related to the model, theanimals were monitored every 2 days. The observation included reliablecriteria such as weight loss (15%) and change of posture. Anenvironmental enrichment was made to minimize anxiety (Plastic tubes).

Pain Procedures:

For operation steps (subcutaneous injection of tumor cells), anesthesiawas achieved using Ketamine (0.33 mg/ml) and Xylazine (33.6 μg/ml) byintraperitoneal injection.

2.3 Melanoma Cancer Cells Implantation Procedure

Cancer Cell Line:

Melanoma B16F10 cells were cultured in vitro according to provider'sspecifications, RPMI 1640 supplemented with FBS at the finalconcentration of 10%. Before implantation in mice, cell viability wasassessed using Trypan Blue exclusion and a cell suspension was preparedaccording to the viable cell count.

Induction of Melanoma B16F10 Tumors in Mice:

B16F10 cells were implanted subcutaneously in the right flank of C57BL/6immunocompetent mice (8 week-old female). The implantation procedure wasas follows (all steps were carried out under sterile laminar flowconditions):

Mice (body weight around 20 g) were anesthetized with an intraperitonealinjection of 90 μL of anesthetic (ie 1.5 mg/Kg Ketamine and Xylazine 150μg/Kg). The cells to be implanted were resuspended in sterile PBS andthe volume needed to implant was loaded in 1 ml syringe with a 25Gneedle (1 000,000 cells/100 μL).

2.4 Pharmacological Treatments

Anti-PD-1 Antibodies Treatment

Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (a-PD-1) treatment schedule was applied,at 100 μg by i.p. injection. Treatment was repeated 4 times, at Days 6,9, 12, 15 and 18.27G gauge needle was used for i.p. injections.

Materials:

-   -   Anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (a-PD-1)—(clone RMP1-14)    -   Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody preparation for i.p administration    -   Anti-PD-1 mAb dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS)        solution.        Dulbecco's PBS was used to dissolve anti-PD-1 Ab at a        concentration of 1.0 mg/mL (volume of 100 uL). The stock        solution was then aliquoted (amount for 1 day treatment) and        stored at −20° C.    -   ABX196 treatment        ABX196 was administered at Day 10 either:    -   by intraveneous (i.v) injection at the dose of 100 ng per mouse;        or    -   by intratumoral (i.t) injection at the dose of 10 ng per mouse

Materials:

ABX196 for i.v administrationABX196 was provided as a solution at 250 μg/mL in PBS. An ABX196solution at 1 μg/mL was prepared and stored at 4° C. At Day 10, 100 μLof the 1 μg/mL ABX196 solution was injected in the tail vein of the micefrom Groups 3 & 4.ABX196 for i.t administrationABX196 was provided as a solution at 250 μg/mL in PBS. An ABX196solution at 0.4 μg/mL was prepared and stored at 4° C. At Day 10,animals from Groups 5 & 6 was anesthetized and 25 μL of the 0.4 μg/mLABX196 solution were injected in the tumor.

Summary of Pharmacological Treatments

Tumor Group cell line Treatment n Host Dose Schedule Route 1 B16F10Vehicle 20 C57BL/6 PBS Days 6, 9, 12, i.p 15 and 18 2 B16F10 Anti-PD-1mAb 20 C57BL/6 100 μg Days 6, 9, 12, i.p 15 and 18 3 B16F10 ABX196 20C57BL/6 100 ng Day 10 i.v 4 B16F10 Anti-PD-1 mAb + 20 C57BL/6 100 μgDays 6, 9, 12, i.p ABX196 Anti-PD-1 mAb 15 and 18 100 ng Day 10 i.vABX196 5 B16F10 ABX196 20 C57BL/6  10 ng Day 10 i.t 6 B16F10 Anti-PD-1mAb + 20 C57BL/6 100 μg Days 6, 9, 12, i.p ABX196 Anti-PD-1 mAb 15 and18  10 ng Day 10 i.t ABX196

3. Results

Starting from day 6 after B16F10 cell inoculation, all experimentalanimal groups were monitored 3 times per week over a 4 weeks period forthe following parameters:

-   -   Tumor size: measured by physical examination, 3 times per week,    -   Body weight: monitored 3 times per week, and    -   Survival: represented in a Kaplan-Meier plot. 3 times per week.

Anti-tumor activity index calculation was the same as for example 1 forthe T/C (%) index and the TGI (%).

1. Anti-Tumor Response Assessment

a) Tumor Volume

The results are given in FIGS. 5 and 6 showing the mean tumor volume(mm³) of B16F10 bearing mice exposed to the different treatments, posttumor challenge.

In particular, the results show that the combination of Anti-PD-1 Abwith ABX196 according to the invention is more effective in decreasingthe tumor volume than ABX196 alone or Anti-PD-1 Ab alone, administeredeither i.v. or i.t.

The results are also shown in the Tables below.

Statistical analysis of mean tumor volume at Day 17 between the 6 testedgroups.

Unpaired t test two tailed, with Welch's correction

Mean Tumor Volume αPD-1 + αPD-1 + at Day 17 (p value) αPD-1 ABX196 i.vABX196 i.v ABX196 i.t ABX196 i.t Vehicle 0.4473 0.2838 0.0183 0.89420.0255 αPD-1 0.7081 0.012 0.2031 0.0245 ABX196 i.v 0.0054 0.0554 0.0169αPD-1 + ABX196 i.v <0.0001 0.6891 ABX196 i.t 0.0001 αPD-1 + ABX196 i.t

Mean Tumor Volume at Day 17 αPD-1 + αPD-1 + (Significativity) αPD-1ABX196 i.v ABX196 i.v ABX196 i.t ABX196 i.t Vehicle NS NS * NS * αPD-1NS * NS * ABX196 i.v ** NS * αPD-1 + ABX196 i.v **** NS ABX196 i.t ***αPD-1 + ABX196 i.t Vehicle is the reference groups. Mean +/− SEM.Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was performed using Graph Pad Prism→ Mean +/−SEM. Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was performSignificative; * p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001

b) Survival

The results are given in FIGS. 7 and 8 showing the survival of B16F10bearing mice exposed to the different treatments, post tumor challenge.

In particular, the results show that the combination of Anti-PD-1 Abwith ABX196 according to the invention lead to a higher percentage ofsurvival than ABX196 alone or than Anti-PD-1 Ab alone, administeredeither i.v. or i.t.

c) Antitumor Activity Index

ABX196 ABX196 Anti-PD-1 + Anti-PD-1 + iv Anti-PD-1 it ABX196 iv ABX196it T/C 51 76 53 42 37

Conclusion:

This study aimed at evaluating the benefit of ABX196 combined with PD-1blockade in a syngeneic mouse model of melanoma.

There was no effect of anti-PD-1 antibody, even a supplemental dose hasbeen administered at Day 18. The lack of effect was observed at bothtumor volume (FIGS. 5 and 6) and survival levels (FIGS. 7 and 8).

Also, a transient effect of ABX196 was observed at early time pointsafter its administration (either iv or it), it didn't translated into asignificant effect.

However, it was interesting to observe a synergistic effect betweenABX196 and the anti-PD1 Ab. Indeed, ABX196 was able to enhance theanti-PD-1 effect—which was not effective at all. This synergistic effectwas observable with both iv and it administration of ABX196. Inparticular, it was observable at tumor volume level (FIGS. 5 and 6) withsignificative difference between anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-1+ABX196 (iv orit) (p=0.012 and 0.0245 respectively). Survival data clearlydemonstrated a benefit of combinatory ABX196 and the anti-PD-1 Ab vsvehicle.

Example 6: Determination of the Anti-Tumoral Activity of ABX196Administered Systemically Alone or Combined with Anti-PD-1 Antibody inColon and Bladder Cancers 1. Materials and Methods

1.1. Test and Reference Substances

1.1.1. Test Substances

ABX196.

1.1.2. Reference Substances

Anti-PD-1 antibody (ref.: BE0146, BioXcell; clone: RMP1-14, reactivity:mouse; isotype: Rat IgG2a; storage conditions: +4° C.).

1.1.3. Test and Reference Substances Vehicles

Anti-PD-1 antibody were prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) orother suitable vehicle according to manufacturer's recommendation.

ABX196 was provided as a solution at 250 μg/mL.

1.2. Treatment Doses

ABX196 was administered at the dose of 100 ng per mouse. The anti-PD-1antibody was administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg.

1.3. Routes of Administration

Test substance was injected by the intravenous route in the caudal veinof mice (IV, bolus).

Anti-PD-1 antibody was injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice(Intraperitoneally, IP) In all groups, ABX196 was administered at afixed dose volume of 100 μL (i.e. approximately 5 mL/kg/adm. for onemouse weighing 20 g).

Anti-PD-1 antibody was administered at a dose volume of 10 mL/kg/adm.

1.4. Cancer Cell Line and Culture Conditions

1.4.1. Cancer Cell Line

The cell lines that were used are detailed in the table below:

Cell line Type Specie Origin CT-26 Colon adenocarcinoma mouse ATCC aMBT-2 Bladder carcinoma mouse ATCC a

a American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., USA

-   -   The CT-26 cell line is an N-nitroso-N-methylurethane-(NNMU)        induced, undifferentiated colon carcinoma cell line of BALB/C        mice.    -   The murine MBT-2 cell line was derived from a carcinogen-induced        bladder tumor in C3H/HeJ mice. The MBT-2 cell line was obtained        from Dr Cozzi, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (New York,        USA).

1.4.2. Cell Culture Conditions

Tumor cells were grown as monolayer at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere(5% CO2, 95% air). The culture medium was RPMI 1640 containing 2 mML-glutamine (ref: BE12-702F, Lonza, Verviers, Belgium) supplemented with10% fetal bovine serum (ref: 3302, Lonza). Tumor cells were adherent toplastic flasks. For experimental use, tumor cells were detached from theculture flask by a 5-minute treatment with trypsin-versene (ref:BE02-007E, Lonza), in Hanks' medium without calcium or magnesium (ref:BE10-543F, Lonza) and neutralized by addition of complete culturemedium.

The cells were counted and their viability were assessed by 0.25% trypanblue exclusion assay.

1.5. Animals

Sixty-three (63) healthy female BALB/c mice, 6-7 weeks old, wereobtained from CHARLES RIVER (L'Arbresles) for each models syngeneic tothis strain of mice (i.e. CT-26) and 68 (sixty-eight) healthy femaleC3H/HeJ (C3H/HeOuJ) mice, 6-7 weeks old, were obtained from The JacksonLaboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.) for the MBT-2 model.

Animals were maintained in SPF health status according to the FELASAguidelines. Animal housing and experimental procedures were realizedaccording to the French and European Regulations and NRC Guide for theCare and Use of Laboratory Animals. The housing conditions of theanimals were the same as in example 1.

2. Experimental Design and Treatments

2.1. Induction of CT-26, and MBT-2 Tumors in Animals

Tumors were induced by subcutaneous injection of 1×10⁶ of CT-26 cells in200 μL of RPMI 1640 into the right flank of 63 female BALB/C mice. MBT-2tumors were induced by subcutaneous injection of 1×10⁶ cells in 200 μLof RPMI 1640 into the right flank of sixty-eight (68) female animals.

2.2. Treatment Schedule

The treatment started when the tumors reached a mean volume of 80-120mm³. Forty-eight animals (48) out of sixty-three (63) for CT-26 model orsixty-eight (68) for the MBT-2 model were randomized according to theirindividual tumor volume into 4 groups each of 12 animals using VivoManager® software (Biosystemes, Couternon, France). A statistical test(analysis of variance, ANOVA) was performed to test for homogeneitybetween groups. The treatment schedule was as follows:

-   -   Animals from group 1 received an IV injection of ABX196 vehicle        and an IP injection of anti-PD-1 antibody vehicle,    -   Animals from group 2 received an IV injection of 100 ng of        ABX196,    -   Animals from group 3 received twice weekly administrations of        anti-PD-1 antibody,    -   Animals from group 4 received an IV injection of 100 ng of        ABX196 and twice weekly administrations of anti-PD-1 antibody.        The treatment schedule is summarized in the table below:

Dose Adm. Treatment Group No animals Treatment (mg/kg/adm) Routeschedule 1 12 Vehicle — IV ABX196 Vehicle Anti- — IP TWx2 PD-1 Ab 2 12ABX196 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 3 12 Anti-PD-1 Ab 10 IP TWx2 4 12 ABX196 100 ngIV Q1Dx1 Anti-PD-1 Ab* 10 IP TWx2 *IP injection of anti-PD-1 Abinitiated after the first IV administration of ABX196 (Concomittantadministration) without any delay.

2.3. Animal Monitoring

2.3.1. Clinical Monitoring

All study data, including animal body weight measurements, tumor volume,clinical and mortality records, and treatment were scheduled andrecorded on Vivo Manager® database (Biosystemes, Dijon, France).

The viability and behavior were recorded every day. Body weights weremeasured twice a week. The length and width of the tumor were measuredtwice a week with calipers and the volume of the tumor was estimated bythe formula:

${{Tumor}\mspace{14mu} {volume}} = \frac{{width}^{2} \times {length}}{2}$

Anti-tumor activity index calculation was the same as for example 1 forthe T/C (%) index and the TGI (%).

2.4. Statistical Tests

All statistical analyses were performed using Vivo Manager® software(Biosystemes, Couternon, France). Statistical analysis of mean bodyweights, MBWC, mean tumor volumes at randomization, mean tumor volumesV, mean times to reach V and mean tumor doubling times were performedusing ANOVA. Pairwise tests were performed using the Bonferroni/Dunncorrection in case of significant ANOVA results. The log-Rank(Kaplan-Meier) test was used to compare the survival curves. A pvalue<0.05 was considered as significant.

2.5. Humane Endpoints

The humane endpoints were the same as for example 1.

2.6. Necropsy

Necropsy (macroscopic examination) was performed on all terminatedanimals in the study, and, if possible, on all euthanized moribund orfound dead animals.

2.7. Anesthesia

Isoflurane gas anesthesia was used for all procedures: tumor inoculationand i.v. injections.

2.8. Analgesia

Non-pharmacological care was provided for all painful procedures.

Additionally, pharmacological care not interfering with studies (topictreatment) could be provided at the recommendation of the attendingveterinarian.

2.9. Euthanasia

Euthanasia of animals was performed by gas anesthesia over-dosage(Isoflurane) followed by cervical dislocation or exsanguination.

3. Results

3.1. Antitumor Activity of the Tested Treatments in Mice BearingSubcutaneous CT-26 Colorectal Cancer

The results are given in FIG. 9 showing the mean tumor volume (mm³) ofCT-26 bearing mice exposed to the different treatments, post tumorchallenge. In particular, the results show that the combination of theAnti-PD-1 Ab with ABX196 according to the invention is more effective indecreasing the tumor volume than ABX196 alone or the Anti-PD-1A b alone.

The antitumor activity indexes are given in the Table below:

ABX196 + Anti- ABX196 Anti-PD-1 PD-1 T/C 51 58 40 TGI 72 42 80

3.2. Antitumor Activity of the Tested Treatments in Mice BearingSubcutaneous MBT-2 Bladder Cancer

The results are given in FIG. 10 showing the mean tumor volume (mm³) ofMBT-2 bearing mice exposed to the different treatments, post tumorchallenge. In particular, the results show that the combination of theAnti-PD-1 Ab with ABX196 according to the invention is more effective indecreasing the tumor volume than ABX196 alone or the Anti-PD-1 Ab alone.

The antitumor activity indexes are given in the Table below:

ABX196 Anti-PD-1 ABX196 + Anti-PD-1 T/C 57 78 36 TGI 43 22 64

3.3. Survival

The results are given in FIG. 11 showing the survival of MBT-2 bearingmice exposed to the different treatments, post tumor challenge and inthe Table below

Median survival (days) per MBT-2 bearing mice from experimental groups.

Treatment Median Survival (days) Vehicle 23 ABX196 27 Anti-PD-1 28ABX196 + Anti-PD-1 34

The combination of ABX196 with the Anti-PD-1 antibodies significantlyimproves the survival of the mice compared to the treatments with ABX196or Anti-PD-1 antibodies alone.

Statistical analysis of mice survival between treatments.

Anti- ABX196 + Treatment Vehicle ABX196 PD-1 Anti-PD-1 Vehicle *0.02*0.02 <0.0001**** ABX196 *0.02 NS ***0.0002 Anti-PD-1 *0.02 NS 0.01*ABX196 + Anti- <0.0001**** ***0.0002 0.01* PD-1 Global comparison of allsurvival curves: p value 0.0045 (***) (Log-Rank (Mantel-cox) test)Summary of pairwise comparisons

4. Conclusion

The tested treatments, either alone or in combination were welltolerated by the animals and no drug-related severe toxicity nor deathwere recorded.

Antitumor Activity of ABX196 Plus Anti-PD-1 on Colorectal Cancer

The tumor growth delay of mice treated with ABX196 plus anti-PD-1 issignificantly improved compared to vehicle-treated group (see FIG. 9).The T/C and TGI ratio clearly demonstrate the synergistic effect betweenABX196 and anti-PD-1 antibodies. Only the group with ABX196+Anti-PD-1treatment presents a T/C<42%.

Antitumor Effect on Bladder Cancer

Combination of ABX196+anti-PD-1 antibodies reduces significantly thetumor growth (see FIG. 10). The T/C and TGI ratio clearly demonstratethe synergy between between ABX196 and anti-PD-1 antibodies. Thesurvival of mice treated with ABX196+anti-PD-1 is significantly improvedin comparison to the vehicle-treated group (see FIG. 11). Forcombination groups, the anti-tumoral activity is further improved whencompared to ABX196 alone or anti-PD-1 alone with a median survival of 27or 28 days that increases to 34 days, when combined with anti-PD-1antibody.

Example 7: Evaluation of the Anti-Tumoral Activity of ABX196 inCombination with Doxorubicin or Sorafenib or Anti-PD-1 Antibody in theOrthotopic Hepa 1-6 Hepatocarcinoma Model 1. Materials and Methods 1.1Test and Reference Substances 1.1.1 Test Substances

ABX196

1.1.2 Reference Substances

Doxorubicin: DOXO CELL, Cell Pharm.

Sorafenib (Nexavar®, Bayer Pharma, 200 mg/pill).

Anti-PD-1 antibody (ref.: BE0146, BioXcell; clone: RMP1-14, reactivity:mouse; isotype:

Rat IgG2a; storage conditions: +4° C.).

1.2. Test and Reference Substances Vehicles

Doxorubicin was diluted in NaCl 0.9%

Anti-PD-1 antibody was prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) orother suitable vehicle according to manufacturer's recommendation.

Each day of administration to mice, Sorafenib pills were crushed anddissolved first in DMSO (ref: 41640, Fluka, Sigma, Saint QuentinFallavier, France), then in Tween 20 (ref: P9416, Sigma) followed byNaCl (0.9%) addition (final ratio DMSO/Tween 20/NaCl (0.9%): 5/5/90 v/v)to reach the appropriate concentration of 10 mg/mL.

The ABX196 was provided as a solution at 250 μg/mL. Dilution of ABX196was performed in PBS buffer.

The vehicle solution used in group 1 at day 5 contained DMSO diluted inphosphate buffered saline (PBS) at the same final concentration as theABX196 test item.

1.3. Treatment Doses

The ABX196 was administered at the dose of 100 ng per mouse.Doxorubicin was administered at the dose of 12 mg/kg.The anti-PD-1 antibody was administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg.Sorafenib was administered at the dose of 100 mg/kg.

1.4. Routes of Administration

ABX 196 was injected by the intra-venous route in the caudal vein ofmice (IV, bolus). Doxorubicin was administered intravenously in thecaudal vein of mice (IV, bolus) Anti-PD-1 antibody was injected into theperitoneal cavity of mice (Intraperitoneally, IP) Sorafenib wasadministered by oral gavage (per os, PO) via a cannula.

In all groups, ABX196 was administered at a fixed dose volume of 100 μL(approximately 5 mL/kg/adm for a mouse weighing 20 g). Doxorubicin, antiPD-1 antibody and Sorafenib were administered at a dose volume of 10mL/kg/adm. according to the most recent body weight of mice.

1.5. Cancer Cell Line and Culture Conditions 1.5.1. Cancer Cell Line

The cell line that was used is detailed in the table below:

Cell line Type Origin Hepa 1-6 Hepatocellular carcinoma ATCCa

a: American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., USA

The Hepa 1-6 cell line is a derivative of the BW7756 mouse hepatoma thatarose in a C57/L mouse.

1.5.2. Cell Culture Conditions

Tumor cells were grown as monolayer at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere(5% CO2, 95% air). The culture medium was DMEM containing 4 mML-glutamine (ref: BE12-604F, Lonza, Verviers, Belgium), 4.5 g/I glucoseand 1 mM NaPyr supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (ref: 3302,Lonza). The cells were adherent to plastic flasks.

For experimental use, tumor cells were detached from the culture flaskby a 5-minute treatment with trypsin-versene (ref: BE17-161E, Lonza), inHanks' medium without calcium or magnesium (ref: BE10-543F, Lonza) andneutralized by addition of complete culture medium. The cells werecounted in a hemocytometer and their viability was assessed by 0.25%trypan blue exclusion assay.

1.5.3. Animals

One hundred (100) healthy female C57BL/6 (C57BLI6J) mice, 5-6 weeks old,were obtained from JANVIER LABS (Le Genest-Saint-Isle).

Animals were maintained in SPF health status according to the FELASAguidelines. Animal housing and experimental procedures were realizedaccording to the French and European Regulations and NRC Guide for theCare and Use of Laboratory Animals. The housing conditions were the sameas in example 1.

1.6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging

All imaging experiments were performed on a 4.7T horizontal magnet(PharmaScan, Bruker Biospin GmbH, Germany) equipped with an activelyshielded gradient system. All the MR images were acquired underParaVision (PV5.1, Bruker Biospin).

1.6.1. Coils and Cradles

Mice were positioned prone in a dedicated mouse body cradle which wasslidded in a volume coil (38 mm internal diameter) within thePharmascan.

1.6.2. Anesthesia and Physiological Monitoring

During all the acquisitions, mice were continuously anesthetized usingisoflurane (Minerve, Bondoufle, France) in a mixture of air via a nosepiece. The mouse's breathing rate was continuously monitored using apressure sensor taped on its abdomen. Physiological signals weremonitored via a laptop placed next to the MRI workstation and connectedto the sensors by fiber optic cables (SA Instruments, USA).

1.6.3. MR Imaging Sequences Calibration and Positioning

After positioning the animal in the magnet, scout images were acquiredfor calibration purposes. Sagittal, coronal and axial slices wereacquired. At the beginning of this acquisition, automated adjustmentswere performed to optimize shim, RF power and amplification of the MRsignal.

TE/TR Matrix FOV No of Slice thickness/ No Type (ms) size (mm) slicesspacing (mm) averages FLASH 6/100 128 × 128 60 × 60 NA 1/NA 1The sequence used during this step has the following characteristics:Where: TE is the time to echo, TR is the repetition time, FOV is thefield of view.

1.6.4. T2-Weighted (T2w) Anatomical Imaging—Axial Orientation

Anatomical images were acquired using a T2w RARE sequence. The sequenceused during this step has the following characteristics:

TE/TR Matrix FOV No of Slice thickness/ No Type (ms) size (mm) slicesspacing (mm) averages RARE 38/2880 256 × 192 37 × 28 15 0.8/0.8 3 (Rarefactor: 8)If necessary, the FOV size and the sequence parameters were adapted toprovide the best imaging results.

1.6.5. Image Processing

All the MR images were transferred to a Windows®-based workstation to beanalyzed under ImageJ. Tumor invasion was evaluated semi-quantitavely bya visual evaluation of the percentage of tumor in the entire liver.

2. Experimental Design and Treatments 2.1. Induction of Hepa 1-6 Tumorsin Animals by Intrasplenic Injection

One million (1×106) of tumor cells in 50 μL of RPMI 1640 medium weretransplanted via intra-splenic injection into 100 C57BL/6 mice. Briefly,a small left subcostal flank incision was made. Spleen was exteriorized.The spleen was exposed on the sterile gauze pad, and injected undervisual control with the cell suspension with a 27-gauge needle. Afterthe cell inoculation, the spleen was excised. The day of tumor cellinjection was considered as DO.

2.2. Treatment Schedule

The treatment started at D5. Ninety-nine animals (99) out of one hundred(100) were randomized according to their individual body weight into 3groups of 13 animals and 5 groups of 12 animals using Vivo Manager®software (Biosystemes, Couternon, France). A statistical test (analysisof variance, ANOVA) was performed to test for homogeneity betweengroups.

The treatment schedule was as follows:

-   -   Animals from group 1 received one IV injection of ABX196 vehicle        at day 5,    -   Animals from group 2 received one daily PO administration of        sorafenib at 100 mg/kg/adm for 21 consecutive days, starting at        day 5,    -   Animals from group 3 received one IV injection of 100 ng of        ABX196 on day 5 and one daily PO administration of sorafenib at        100 mg/kg/adm for 21 consecutive days, starting at day 5,    -   Animals from group 4 received one IV injection of Doxorubicin at        12 mg/kg on day 5,    -   Animals from group 5 received one IV injection of 100 ng of        ABX196 and one IV injection of Doxorubicin at 12 mg/kg on day 5,    -   Animals from group 6 received 4 IP administrations of anti-PD-1        antibody on day 7, 10, 14 and 17 (Twice weekly ×2),    -   Animals from group 7 received one IV injection of 100 ng of        ABX196 on day 5 and 4 IP administrations of anti-PD-1 antibody        on day 7, 10, 14 and 17 (Twice weekly ×2).        The treatment schedule is summarized in the table below:

Adm. Group No animals Treatment Dose (mg/kg/adm) Route Treatmentschedule 1 13 Vehicle NA IV Q1Dx1 on D5 2 13 Sorafenib 100  PO Q1Dx21start on D5 3 12 ABX196 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D5 Sorafenib 100  PO Q1Dx21start on D5 4 12 Doxorubicin 12 IV Q1Dx1 on D5 5 12 ABX196 100 ng IVQ1Dx1 on D5 Doxorubicin 12 IV Q1Dx1 on D5 6 12 Anti-PD-1 10 IP TWx2 onD7/D10/D14/D17 7 12 ABX196 100 ng IV Q1Dx1 on D5 Anti-PD-1 10 IP TWx2 onD7/D10/D14/D17

2.3. Blood Collection

At D7 and D22, approximately 120 μL of blood were collected by jugularvein puncture into blood collection tubes with clot activator. Tubeswere centrifuged 30 minutes after sampling at 1,300 g for 10 minutes atroom temperature to obtain serum. The serum samples was stored inpropylene tubes at −80° C. All collected serum samples at D22 wereanalyzed for determination of circulating AFP level by ELISA analysis(Dosage Mouse a-Fetoprotein/AFP, ref: MAFPOO, RD Systems).

2.4. MRI Imaging Time Points

At D19 and D20, 5 mice per group from group 1 to 8 were imaged (40animals per day). A semi-quantitative analysis was then performed.

2.5. Mice Termination

At the time of final mice termination (around D60), liver was weighted.The number of metastases was evaluated macroscopically and thelocalization, the appearance (shape, colour, consistency) and the sizeof each of them was recorded. Macroscopic photography of the liver wastaken.

Livers/tumors from all animals, sacrificed either for ethical reason orat final termination, were cut into slices 4 mm tick and fixed in 4%neutral buffered formalin for 24 h to 48 h, and then embedded inparaffin (Histosec®, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).

2.6. Animal Monitoring 2.6.1. Clinical Monitoring

All study data, including animal body weight measurements, clinical andmortality records, and treatment were scheduled and recorded on VivoManager® database (Biosystemes, Dijon, France).

The viability and behavior were recorded every day. Body weights weremeasured thrice a week.

2.6.2. Humane Endpoints

Abdomen diameter superior to 25 mmSigns of pain, suffering or distress: pain posture, pain face mask,behavior,Tumors interfering with ambulation or nutrition,20% body weight loss remaining for 3 consecutive days,Poor body condition, emaciation, cachexia, dehydration,Prolonged absence of voluntary responses to external stimuli,Rapid labored breathing, anemia, significant bleeding,Neurologic signs: circling, convulsion, paralysis,Sustained decrease in body temperature,Abdominal distension.

2.6.3. Necropsy

Necropsy (macroscopic examination) was performed on all terminatedanimals in the study, and, if possible, on all euthanized moribund orfound dead animals.

2.6.4. Surgery

Surgery methods were described in Operating Procedures approved byIACUC.

2.6.5. Anesthesia

Isoflurane gas anesthesia was used for all procedures: surgery and bloodcollection.

2.6.6. Analgesia

Multimodal carprofen/buprenorphine or xylocaine/buprenorphine analgesiaprotocol was adapted to the severity of the surgical procedure.Non-pharmacological care was provided for all painful procedures.Additionally, pharmacological care no interfering with studies (topictreatment) could be provided at the recommendation of the attendingveterinarian.

2.6.7. Euthanasia

Euthanasia of animals was performed by gas anesthesia over-dosage(Isoflurane) followed by cervical dislocation or exsanguination.

3. Data Presentation 4.1. Health Parameters

The following evaluation criteria of health were determined using VivoManager® software (Biosystemes, Couternon, France):

-   -   Individual and/or mean (or median) body weights of animals,    -   Mean body weight change (MBWC): Average weight change of treated        animals in percent (weight at day B minus weight at day A        divided by weight at day A) was calculated. The intervals over        which MBWC was calculated was chosen as a function of body        weight curves and the days of body weight measurement.

3.2. Efficacy Parameters

The treatment efficacy was assessed in terms of the effects of the testsubstance on the tumor volumes of treated animals relative to controlanimals. The following evaluation criteria of antitumor efficacy weredetermined:

-   -   Individual and/or mean (or median) measurement at D19-20 of        tumor invasion within the liver using MRI imaging,    -   Measurement of circulating a-Fetoprotein in the plasma at D22,    -   Liver weight measured at termination,    -   Survival curves,    -   Median survival times.

Results Tumor Invasion

The results are given in FIG. 12 showing the percentage of tumorinvasion of liver from each treated groups at day 20.

Statistical analysis of tumor invasion between vehicle and each group atday 20. Kruskal-Wallis test p value<0,0001 (****)

Pair wise comparison with Dunn's test

Dunn's multiple Mean comparisons test rank diff. Significant? SummaryVehicle vs. Sorafenib 8.644 No ns Vehicle vs. ABX196/Sorafenib 29.35 Yes** Vehicle vs. Doxorubicin 28.52 Yes ** Vehicle vs. ABX196/Doxorubicin27.83 Yes * Vehicle vs. Anti-PD-1 28.14 Yes ** Vehicle vs.ABX196/Anti-PD-1 32.77 Yes ***

Summary of alive animals and tumor invasion at day 61.

Fraction without Group Fraction alive detectable metastasis 1 Vehicle4/13 3/13 2 Sorafenib 5/13 5/13 3 Sorafenib + ABX196 11/12  10/12  4Doxorubicin 9/12 9/12 5 Doxorubicin + ABX196 8/12 6/12 6 Anti-PD-111/12  10/12  7 Anti-PD-1 + ABX196 12/12  12/12 

CONCLUSION

This experiment demonstrates that combinations including achemotherapeutic agent or an immunotherapeutic agent and ABX196 are morepotent than each component of the combination taken alone.

As shown in FIG. 12, combinations treatments including ABX196 presentless tumor invasion. The tumor invasion reduction is transduced intobetter survival.

1. A method of treating cancer, comprising the administration, in apatient in need thereof, of a therapeutically effective amount of anantitumor pharmaceutical combination comprising: (i) a compound ABX196of formula (I)

and, (ii) at least one chemotherapeutic agent and/or at least oneimmunotherapeutic agent, wherein said at least one immunotherapeuticagent is not an antigen.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein thecompound ABX196 of formula (I)

is comprised in a vaccine composition (iii) further comprising a tumorantigen.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound ABX196of formula (I) (i)

or the vaccine composition (iii) and the at least one chemotherapeuticagent and/or the at least one immunotherapeutic agent (ii) areadministered separately.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein thecompound ABX196 of formula (I) (i)

or the vaccine composition (iii) and the at least one chemotherapeuticagent and/or the at least one immunotherapeutic agent (ii) areadministered semi-simultaneously.
 5. The method according to claim 1,wherein the administrations of the compound ABX196 of formula (I) (i)

or of the vaccine composition (iii) and of the at least onechemotherapeutic agent and/or the at least one immunotherapeutic agent(ii) are spaced out over a period of time so as to obtain maximumefficacy of the combination.
 6. A method for treating cancer, comprisingthe administration, in a patient in need thereof, of a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a vaccine composition comprising a compound ABX196of formula (I)

and a tumor antigen, in combination with a therapeutically effectiveamount of at least one chemotherapeutic agent and/or a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one immunotherapeutic agent, wherein saidat least one immunotherapeutic agent is not an antigen.
 7. A method fortreating cancer, comprising the administration, in a patient in needthereof, of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound ABX196 offormula (I)

in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of at least onechemotherapeutic agent and/or a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one immunotherapeutic agent, wherein said at least oneimmunotherapeutic agent is not an antigen.
 8. The method according toclaim 7, wherein said combination further comprises an antitumorantigen.
 9. A combined preparation comprising: (i) one or more dosageunits of a compound ABX196 of formula (I)

and (ii) one or more dosage units of at least one chemotherapeutic agentand/or one or more dosage units of an immunotherapeutic agent, whereinsaid at least one immunotherapeutic agent is not an antigen, fortreatment of a cancer.
 10. The combined preparation for its useaccording to claim 9, wherein the compound ABX196 of formula (I)

is comprised in a vaccine composition further comprising a tumorantigen.
 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein thechemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting ofdoxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone andoxaliplatin.
 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein thechemotherapeutic agent is doxorubicin or sorafenib.
 13. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the immunotherapeutic agent is an antibodyspecific of a tumor antigen selected from the group consisting ofHer2/neu, EGFR, VEGF, CD20, CD52, CD33, TACE, cathepsin S, uPA, uPAR,PD-1, Glypican-3, claudin-3, claudin-4, BMCA and CTLA4.
 14. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the immunotherapeutic agent is amonoclonal anti-PD1 antibody.
 15. The method according to claim 1,wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of melanoma,hepatocarcinoma, colorectal cancer and bladder cancer.
 16. The methodaccording to claim 6, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is selectedfrom the group consisting of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, epirubicin,idarubicin, mitoxantrone and oxaliplatin.
 17. The method according toclaim 6, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is doxorubicin or sorafenib.18. The method according to claim 6, wherein the immunotherapeutic agentis an antibody specific of a tumor antigen selected from the groupconsisting of Her2/neu, EGFR, VEGF, CD20, CD52, CD33, TACE, cathepsin S,uPA, uPAR, PD-1, Glypican-3, claudin-3, claudin-4, BMCA and CTLA4. 19.The method according to claim 6, wherein the immunotherapeutic agent isa monoclonal anti-PD1 antibody.
 20. The method according to claim 6,wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of melanoma,hepatocarcinoma, colorectal cancer and bladder cancer.
 21. The methodaccording to claim 7, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is selectedfrom the group consisting of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, epirubicin,idarubicin, mitoxantrone and oxaliplatin.
 22. The method according toclaim 7, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is doxorubicin or sorafenib.23. The method according to claim 7, wherein the immunotherapeutic agentis an antibody specific of a tumor antigen selected from the groupconsisting of Her2/neu, EGFR, VEGF, CD20, CD52, CD33, TACE, cathepsin S,uPA, uPAR, PD-1, Glypican-3, claudin-3, claudin-4, BMCA and CTLA4. 24.The method according to claim 7, wherein the immunotherapeutic agent isa monoclonal anti-PD1 antibody.
 25. The method according to claim 7,wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of melanoma,hepatocarcinoma, colorectal cancer and bladder cancer.